Chem Flashcards
Solid ⇾ Gas
Deposition (Add heat)
Gas ⇾ Solid
Sublimation (Remove Heat)
Liquid ⇾ Gas
Evaporation (Add heat)
Gas ⇾ Liquid
Condensation (Remove Heat)
Solid ⇾ Liquid
Melting (add heat)
Liquid ⇾ Solid
Freezing (remove heat)
Physical properties for solid?
Fixed Shape, Fixed Volume, Cannot flow, Slightly compressible, Small change in volume with heating
Physical properties of liquid?
Not fixed shape, fixed volume, can flow, can be slightly compressed, small change in volume with heating
Physical properties of gas?
Not fixed shape, Not fixed volume, Can flow, Can be greatly compressed, Very large change to volume when heated
Explain the motion of particles in solids?
- Never stops moving
- Move towards each other then spring away
- Looks like lattice formation
- Doesn’t fall apart because of particles staying close and orderly
What happens when a solid is heated?
- The heat causes the molecules to lose order
- They speed up, bump into each other and lose their pattern
- The solid melts
What happens when water is heated?
- It evaporates very quickly
- Molecules move even quicker and with less order
Name the 5 points in the particle theory of matter?
- All matter is made up of small particles
- All particles of one substance are identical
- The space between particles is very large compared to the particles themselves
- The particles in matter attract each other (the closer they are, the stronger the force)
- All the particles of matter are constantly moving (change in temperature and speed is what causes a change in state)
Describe the heating curve for water?
- Water particles begin to move faster and with less order, spacing increases.
- 0 degrees C - energy is used to change states rather than release temperature (temp flattens out for a bit) S -> L
- Particles continue moving faster and spacing increases more
- 100 degrees C - energy is used to change states, not release temperature (temp flattens out for a bit) L -> G
- Temp continues increasing
Attraction between particles lessens with each step
(If confused, review image in binder)
What is a physical property?
A characteristic of a substance that can be measured without changing its identity.
What is a chemical property?
The ability of a substance to react to another substance and form new substances.
What is qualitative vs quantitative?
Qualitative: w/o detailed measurement, easy to observe, etc
Quantitative: w/ complex measurement, assigned a value, generally uses #’s
What is solubility?
The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent.
What is conductivity?
Ability to conduct electricity.
What is combustability?
The ability of a substance to burn in the air.
What is an element?
Cannot be broken down via ordinary means
Atoms are the smallest price of an element
Each element has its own unique properties
Assembled and can be found on the periodic table
What is a compound?
-Made of 2 or more different chemicals,
-Defined by chemical formula and have different properties of oh elements
-Molecules are the smallest piece of a compound
What is a homogeneous mixture?
Components are uniformly mixed together
(One phase)
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
Has 2 or more phases (states, colours, etc)
What is physical change?
Alters only the form/state
Chemical composition does not change
What is chemical change?
Transforms a substance into a new product which is different both physically and chemically from the OG substance
Transformation occurs through a chemical reaction
Evidence of chemical change?
- New colour
- New gas (odour)
- New solid
- Absorb/Give off heat
- Produce light
- Irreversible (often)
Reactants —> ??
Products
Who created the original atomic theory?
John Dalton
What is the atomic #?
The # of protons in the nucleus
What is the atomic mass?
The # of neutrons and protons in the nucleus
What is electronegativity?
An atom’s ability to retain/take electrons
What is the octet rule?
Every atom has the desire to exist with a complete outer shell.
What are families on the periodic table?
The elements found in the same column.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
What are periods on the periodic table?
The elements found in the same row.
What are metalloids?
Found attached to the staircase (-aluminum) and have properties of both metals and non metals
What are halogens?
7th family on the periodic table
What are alkali metals?
Family 1 of the periodic table
What are alkaline earth metals?
2nd family of the periodic table
What happens with moving left to right on the periodic table?
- atomic # increase
- atomic mass increases
- atomic radius decreases
What happens when moving down a column on the periodic table?
Atomic # increase
atomic mass increases
Atomic radius increases
Where are the most reactive elements?
At the bottom of a column
What is an ion?
An atom that is no longer neutral in charge
Draw and label the heating curve
Check binder for answer
Draw and label the Bohr-Rutherford diagram for P
Check binder for answer
Name, draw and label the Dalton diagram
The Billiard Ball - Check binder for answer
Name, draw and label the Thomson diagram
The Chocolate Chip Cookie - Check binder for answer
Name, draw and label the Rutherford diagram
The Beehive - Check binder for answer
Name, draw and label the Bohr diagram
The Solar System - Check binder for answer
Draw the Lewis dot diagram for Ar and B
Ar with 8 dots
B with 3 dots
Draw the Bohr-Rutherford diagram for the Cl ion with an inventory
Check for answer
Draw the Bohr-Rutherford diagram for the Si ion with an inventory
Check for answer
Write the C ion
[Na]-4/+4
Write the O ion
[O]-2
What does atom mean in Greek
Uncuttable or indivisible
Everything in the universe in either…
Energy or matter
What is an isotope?
Same atomic # (same number of protons) Different atomic mass (different number of neutrons)
What is the ionic bond for Beryllium and Sulfur?
Beryllium sulfide (BeS)
What is the ionic bond for Aluminum and oxygen?
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
Composition and total number of atoms of Li4(O3C)2
Lithium 4, Oxygen 6, Carbon 2
12
Composition and total number of atoms of SBAr3
Sulfur 1, Boron 1, Argon 3,
5
What property do the noble gases have that interest scientists?
Noble gases are incredibly stable
What is another name for the noble gases?
The inert gases
Why are they called noble gases?
They rarely react with other elements (due to their valence shells already being complete) thus they are noble (already perfect)
What are common properties of halogens?
-high electronegativity
-highly reactive
-poor conducters
-7 valence electrons
What does it mean when an element is chemically stable?
It’s resistance to undergoing chemical reactions
Why are halogens said to be one electron short of stability?
To be stable, an element needs to satisfy the octet rule (a complete valence shell, which is 8 electrons)
They have 7 electrons, one away from a full valence shell
Are the halogens reactive?
Halogens are extremely reactive because they only need one electron to satisfy the octet rule, which means they accept electrons (bonds) easily, and such is a reaction
How are alkali metals different from halogens?
Alkali metals have low electronegativity, halogens have high electronegativity
What are each of the halogens used for?
Why are alkali metals so reactive?
Because all they need to do is get rid/gain of one electron to have a complete outer shell
Which alkali metals are the most reactive?
Bottom of column going up (francium and cesium)
Are alkaline earth metals as reactive as alkali metals?
No, because alkaline earth metals have two valence electrons, which makes them slightly harder to effectively give away
Compare alkali and alkaline earth metals
1 valence electron vs. 2 valence electrons
Characteristics of alkaline earth metals
-Reactive
-2 electrons
-High melting point
Which alkaline earth metals are the most reactive?
Radium and Barium
Scientists of the atomic theory
Answer all the questions on the scientists of the atomic theory question sheet, then compare answers with binder (I am much too lazy to type all of them out)
What are noble gases?
8th family of the periodic table
