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Chemistry Comes Alive > Chem > Flashcards

Chem Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space: Solid, liquid, or gas

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2
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work or put matter in motion

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3
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy in action, puts objects in motion

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4
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored, inactive

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5
Q

1.chemical energy

A

STORED in the bonds of chemical substance

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6
Q

Electrical energy

A

Movement of changed particles

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7
Q

Mechanical

A

Energy directly involved in moving matter

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8
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

Energy that travels in waves

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9
Q

What are elements ?

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances like carbon oxygen nitrogen and hydrogen

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10
Q

Atoms

A

Elements composed of atoms

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11
Q

Atomic number

A

Equal the number of protons in its nucleus

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12
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of protons and neutrons (electrons are ignored)

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13
Q

Isotopes ?

A

Have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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14
Q

Atomic (molecular) weight

A

An average of all isotopes of an element, taking relative abundance into account

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15
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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16
Q

Compound

A

Two or more DIFFERENT atoms held together by chemical bonds

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17
Q

Mixtures

A

Substances composed of two or more components
Ex: colloids
Suspension
Solutions

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18
Q

Solutions

A

Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids or solids
Ex include air or seawater

Solvents are the substance in greatest amount
Solutes are the substances in smaller amount
Water is the primary solvent in the body

Solutes particles do not settle out and do not scatter light

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19
Q

Colloids

A

Heterogeneous mixtures, which means that their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture

Sol-gel transformations
Change reversibly from a fluid to a solid state
Cytosol in cells are a colloid

Solute particles do not settle out and may scatter light

20
Q

Suspension

A

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out

Blood is an example of a suspension
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) will settle on the bottom of the tube;

Solute particles settle out and may scatter light

21
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Ionic Bonds - A bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other (e.g. NaCl)

22
Q

Anions

A

Anions are electron acceptors, so they have a net negative charge (by gaining an electron)

23
Q

Cations

A

Cations are electron donors, so they have a net positive charge (by losing an electron)

24
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electrons shared between two atoms
-strong bonds that release energy when broken

25
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen Bonds - A covalently linked hydrogen atom from one molecule is weakly attracted by another atom (e.g. H2O) Weak bonds
26
NonPolar molecules
Covalent bonds that share electrons equally are nonpolar molecules
27
Polar molecules
Those that don’t share equally are polar molecules Oxygen doesn’t like to share! It’s electrophilic!
28
Why is water so important
It has high water capacity, polar solvent properties
29
Salts
Ionic compounds containing cations other than the proton (H+) and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-) Salts dissociate when dissolved in water Example: Sodium Chloride becomes Na+ and Cl-
30
Electrolytes
All ions are substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
31
What is acid ?
Substance that releases protons (H+), or accepts OH-, in detectable amounts The concentration of H+ determines acidity of a solution Examples: HC2H3O2; H2CO3
32
What is bases?
Substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-), or accepts H+, in detectable amounts Examples: NaOH; HCO3-
33
Buffer
Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions
34
What are strong acids ?
Strong Acids dissociate completely and irreversibly in water Examples: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Nitric Acid (HNO3) They can dramatically change the pH of a solution
35
What do weak acids do ?
do not dissociate completely Examples: Carbonic Acid (H2CO3), Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) Undissociated acids do not count toward pH: only free H+ ions do
36
What are strong bases ?
Strong Bases dissociate easily in water and associate with free H+ Examples: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
37
What are weak bases ?
Weak Bases ionize incompletely and reversibly Example: Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
38
What are organic compounds?
Organic compounds generally contain carbon Examples include carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, nucleic acids
39
What are inorganic compounds?
Inorganic Compounds that contain carbon include carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide Note that CO and CO2 don’t contain hydrogen, so they aren’t considered “organic!”
40
What are carbohydrates?
Molecule class that includes sugars and starches Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
41
What are monosaccharides?
“Simple Sugars” Named generically according to the number of carbon atoms they contain Pentose (5 carbon) Hexose (6 carbon) Ribose (C5H10O5) is a pentose Glucose (C6H12O6) is a hexose Galactose and Fructose have the same molecular formula, but are arranged differently (isomers).
42
What are disaccharides?
“Double Sugar” Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis A water molecule is lost as the bond is made Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Disaccharides are too large to cross cell membranes. They must be digested to simple sugar units first (hydrolysis)
43
What are polysaccharides?
“Multiple Sugars” (a polymer) Large, mostly insoluble, good for energy storage Glycogen - Storage carbohydrate of animal tissues Stored mostly in skeletal muscle and liver cells Broken down by liver to generate glucose Starch - Storage carbohydrate of plants Glucose can also be derived from starch Must be digested before animals can extract glucose Cellulose - Indigestible plant-based polysaccharide
44
What are lipids ?
Fatty acids consisting of water-insoluble hydrocarbon chain Also contains a relatively small amount of oxygen, and occasionally phosphorus (phospholipids) Examples Include: Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids
45
What are triglycerides?
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol (3:1) Fatty acids are a hydrocarbon chain plus an acidic -COOH group Glycerol is a modified simple sugar Large molecules The glycerol group is the same, but the length of the hydrocarbon chain varies Must be broken down to be absorbed Hydrocarbon chains are hydrophobic Fats/Oils and water do not mix These are the primary constituents of body fat
46
What are steroids?
Fat-soluble (nonpolar) molecules Also hydrocarbons, but in 4 rings instead of a chain Contains little oxygen
47
Cholesterol?
Important for the cell membrane

Chemistry Comes Alive (1 decks)

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