chem Flashcards
Lithium
Li⁺
Sodium
Na⁺
Potassium
K⁺
Calcium
Ca²⁺
Magnesium
Mg²⁺
Aluminium
Al³⁺
Gallium
Ga³⁺
Copper (II)
Cu²⁺
Iron (II)
Fe²⁺
Iron (III)
Fe³⁺
Lead (II)
Pb²⁺
Lead (IV)
Pb⁴⁺
Zinc
Zn²⁺
Silver
Ag⁺
Ammonium
NH₄⁺
Fluoride
F⁻
Chloride
Cl⁻
Bromide
Br⁻
Oxide
O²⁻
Sulfide
S²⁻
Hydroxide
OH⁻
Nitrate
NO₃⁻
Carbonate
CO₃²⁻
Sulfate
SO₄²⁻
Phosphate
PO₄³⁻
Manganate (VII)
MnO₄⁻
Hydrochloric Acid
HCL
Nitric Acid
HNO₃
Sulfuric Acid
H₂SO₄
Ethanoic Acid
CH₃COOH
What does acid produce when dissolved in water?
H⁺ ions
Acids what a what kind of taste
Sour
Acids turn what colour litmus paper to what colour
Blue to Red
When acid dissolved in water, can it conduct electricity.
Yes
What are strong acids
Acids when dissolved in water are fully ionised to produce a solution with high concentration of H⁺ ions
What are weak acids
Acids when dissolved in water are partially ionised to produce a solution with a low concentration of H⁺ ions
Metal + Acids =
Salt + Hydrogen gas
Carbonates + Acids =
Salt + Carbon dioxide gas + Water
Base + Acids =
Salt + Water
Test for Hydrogen gas
Insert a lighted splint into the gas, and the lighted splint extinguishes with a ‘pop’ sound
Test for Carbon dioxide
Bubble the gas into limewater and white precipitate will form in the limewater.
Another name for acid + base reaction
Neutralisation
Use of hydrochloric acid
Removes impurities such as rust and limescale from metals and aluminium alloys
Phosphoric acid
H₃PO₄
Use for phosphoric acid
Added to food to give a sour taste
What is the use of Ethanoic acid
Acts as food preservative and flavour enhancer
Types of bases
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides
What does alkali produce when dissolved in water
OH⁻
Texture of alkali
Soapy
Taste of alkali
Bitter
Alkalis turn what litmus paper into what colour?
red to blue
What is ionic equation
Simplify everything that can be simplified into ion and then remove the spectator ions.
Alkali + Ammonium salt
Salt + water + ammonia gas
test for ammonia gas
place a damp red limes paper near the gas and it will turn blue.
use of magnesium oxide
it relieves gastric pain and it is used for making refractory bricks
use of sodium hydroxide
used in the making of soap
Use of calcium hydroxide
reduces acidity in soil
Use of ammonia
used in making fertilisers
ph value is determined by what
amount of OH⁻ present in the substance. The more, the higher the ph level, the more alkaline it is.
Ways to measure ph
universal indicator, ph meter, and ph probe attached to a data logger
litmus paper in acid
red
what ph level with litmus change
5-8
litmus paper in alkaline
blue
methyl orange in acid
red
what ph level with litmus charge
3-5
methyl orange in alkaline
yellow
screened methyl orange in acid
purple/violet
what ph level will screened methyl orange change
3-5
screened methyl orange in alkaline
green
what is liming
adding alkaline (calcium carbonate) to reduce the acidity in the soil
acidic oxide is metallic or non-metallic
non-metallic
acidic oxide dissolve in water turn into what
acid
basic oxide is metallic or non-metallic
metallic
acidic oxide at room temp what state
gas
basic oxide at room temp what state
solid
what are insoluble basic oxides
bases
what are soluble basic oxides
alkalis
acidic oxides react with what get salt and water
bases / alkalis
basic oxides react with what get salt and water
acids
amphoteric oxides is metallic or non-metallic
metallic
when amphoteric oxides react with acids, they are what
bases
when amphoteric oxides react with alkalis and bases, they are what
acid
what are the three amphoteric oxides
zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), and lead (II) oxide (PbO)
neutral oxides are metallic or non-metallic
non-metallic
are neutral oxides acid or base
no its useless
what are the three neutral oxides
water (H₂O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO)
what is ionic bonding
transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal. they create strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive and negative ions in ionic compounds.
structure of ionic compounds
arranged in giant ionic lattice structures.
why ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points
Large amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction (strong ionic bonds) between oppositely charged ions.
why solid ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity
There is an absence of mobile ions in the solid state. Hence, ionic compounds are not able to conduct electricity.
why molten and aqueous ionic compounds can conduct electricity
There is the presence of mobile ions in the molten and aqueous states enable ionic compounds to conduct electricity in these states.
why is ionic compounds hard yet brittle
A large amount of energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions (strong ionic bonds) in the giant ionic lattice structure. Hence, ionic compounds are strong.
When a force is exerted, ions of the same charge are forced next to one another. These ions repel one another, causing the ionic lattice structure to break and be brittle.
can ionic compounds dissolve in organic solvents
no
can ionic compounds dissolve in water
yes
what can covalent substance exist as
simple molecular structures
why is covalent substances melting and boiling points so low
A small amount of energy is required to overcome the weak intermolecular forces of attraction.
can covalent substance dissolve in water
no
can covalent substance dissolve in organic solvent
yes
why does covalent substance don’t conduct electricity in all states
There is an absence of mobile charge carriers to conduct electricity.
what are alloys
mixture of metals
what is the arrangement of a metal
Atoms in a metal are all of the same size.
Hence, copper atoms are regularly arranged.
what is the arrangement of alloys
Atoms of the elements in an alloy are of a different size. Hence, the regular arrangement of copper atoms in pure copper metal is disrupted by the randomly distributed tin atoms in bronze. This leads to an irregular arrangement of atoms in an alloy.
what is malleability
the ability of substances to be bent/ flattened into different shapes without breaking
what is ductility
the ability of a substance being pulled into wires without breaking.
what is the strength of metal
In a metal, the regularly arranged metal atoms are of the same size. When enough force is applied, the metal atoms can slide over one another easily. Hence, metals are malleable and ductile.
what is the strength of alloy
In an alloy, the irregularly arranged atoms are of different sizes. The atoms are not able to slide over one another easily. Alloys are harder and stronger than the pure metals that they are made from.
why metal has high fixed m/b points
as copper is pure
why alloys have a range of m/b points
as bronze is a mixture
why both metal and alloys are good at conducting electricity and heat
Both have free-moving/ delocalised valence electrons from the metal atoms that can act as charge carriers or assist in the transfer of
thermal energy.
what is element
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods. fixed melting and boiling points
what is compound
a pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio. can be separated into its constituents by chemical methods (e.g., thermal decomposition, electrolysis). has different properties from its constituent elements. fixed melting and boiling points
what is mixture
consists of elements and/or compounds that are physically combined in varying ratios. can be separated into its constituents by physical methods (e.g., filtration, chromatography, distillation). usually has similar properties to its constituent elements. melts and boils over a range of temperatures
