Checkpoint test Flashcards
The production of radiographic images as part of the diagnostic pathway.
Radiography
what sector is radiography
allied health
3 foundational skills and concepts of radiography:
• Technical proficiency
• Patient-centred care
• X-ray image production and quality evaluation
Position of the body when the individual is facing the front in the erect position with the arms and legs fully extended.
Anatomic Position
what is the position of the hands and feet in an Anatomic Position
Palms of the hands are facing forward and the feet are together
In radiography this position is used as a reference position of the body to describe various different positions
Anatomic Position
Front part of the body, body part or organ
anterior
Back part of the body, body part or organ
posterior
Toward the midline of the body
medial
Away from the midline of the body
lateral
Part of a structure close to the source or origin
Proximal
In the extremities closest to the midline or trunk
Proximal
Part of a structure further from the source or
origin
Distal
In the extremities further from the midline or
trunk
Distal
Toward the head
Cranial/cephalic:
toward the feet
caudal
it describes the position of lying directly on your back
supine
lying face down or on their stomach
prone
what position is a hand in DP
prone
Away from the body
Abduction
Towards the body
Adduction
to internally rotate
Inversion
To externally rotate
eversion
these terms are referencing the midline, and are often used to describe a mechanism of injury, such as the patient slipped off the curb.
Inversion and eversion
Reduce the angle
Flex
To increase the angle
Extend
these terms are used to describe the orientation of the body part, with particular reference the direction of the x-ray beam
anteroposterior and posteroanterior
It’s enters from anterior then exit posteriorly
Anteroposterior
enters posteriorly and exits anteriorly
posteroanterior
Movement of the beam from one side (left or right), through the midline, to the other.
lateral
An angle between AP and lateral, usually 45 degrees but can be 15, 25, 35, etc…
oblique
beam facing the body
oblique
position of RPO
the right posterior shoulder articulates with the detector
beam enters anteriorly and exits posteriorly
positions that identify the part of the body closest to the detector
RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO
are more generalised and describe the orientation of the body with the tube (and thus the passage of the beam through the body) in the oblique position
AP and PA oblique
The relationship of the ankle to the knee
distal
The relationship of the elbow to the wrist
proximal
turning foot medially
inversion
Relationship of the spine to sternum (breast bone)
posterior
can be used to describe our centring points
particularly important for the symmetrical trunk; chest, abdomen, pelvis, spine
planes of the body
used as a reference point
planes of the body
a vertical plane through the midline of the body; divides the body into right and left halves
mid-sagittal plane (median)
a vertical plane but is not in the midline of the body
sagittal plane
what plane is used to divide the mid-clavicular line
sagittal plane
any longitudinal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts (ventral and dorsal).
coronal (frontal) plane
divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts
mid-coronal plane
it is any plane parallel to the mid-coronal or frontal plane
coronal plane
any plane passing through the body at right angles to the longitudinal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
horizontal / axial / transverse plane
these terms relate only to the position of the body and do not consider the beam direction
Erect, Supine and Prone
specifically used to describe the orientation of the body to the table/ bed
Erect, Supine and Prone
these terms are only used when referring to bed work
Supine and Prone
the term is used to indicate that the upright bucky or an upright imaging plate has been used. It determines the influence of gravity on the body i.e. demonstration of posture in the spine, position of fluid in the lungs or air in the abdomen etc…
erect
the most central aspect of the x-ray beam
centre point
this is where the vertical and horizontal lines of the collimated field transact
centre point
formed by lead leaves within the light beam diaphragm (LBD)
x-ray beam
collimation field is also known as ___
field of view
It is the limitation of the primary x-ray beam by blade-type diaphragms on the x-ray tube
collimation
What happens to the field size when collimation is increased?
The field size decreases
shaping the x-ray beam can be described as ___ or ___
shuttering or collimating
these factors are optimized to minimize magnification
SID and OID
___ must be as small as possible
OID
what is OID?
object to image distance
what is SID?
source to image distance
what is SOD?
source to object distance
___ must be as long as possible
SID
SID is typically ___ cm for the appendicular skeleton and no greater than ___ cm for any part of the body
100 cm, 200 cm
what is the relationship between OID and magnification?
direct relationship - greater OID, greater magnification
what is the relationship between SID and magnification?
inverse relationship - greater SID, lower magnification
what is the relationship between SOD and magnification?
inverse relationship - greater SOD, lower magnification
if you increase SID, you must increase your ___ according to the inverse square law, thus increasing _____
exposure, tube load
how to minimize magnification?
decreasing the OID
it is the purposeful production of an image larger than the object being studied
magnification
how does magnification affect image quality?
it degrades image quality
___ depends on the relative distance of the object between the x-ray source (focal spot) and the image receptor
magnification
The further from the detector the object is, the more the image is magnified.
True or false?
True
What are the factors affecting radiographic exposure?
- mAs and kVp
- time
- SID
- radiographic equipment
The ___ is a filament shape that is heated up as the machine charges. In other words, we’re putting a bunch of electrons on it.
cathode
The ___ is the target (the field of atoms that we will be running electrons through/at)
anode
x-ray voltage is measured in ___
kilovoltage or peak kilovoltage (kVp)
1 kilovolt = ___ volts
1000 volts
what controls the energy of the photons?
kVp
___ kVp results in more x-rays being produced
increased or decreased
increased
as the kVp increases, the intensity of radiation reaching the image receptor: increases or decreases?
increases
how much kvp is used in mammography?
40 kvp
how much kvp is used in chest x-ray?
120 kvp
what are the usual kvp range used?
40 kvp and 120 kvp
what is the relationship between kvp and contrast?
inverse relationship - higher kvp, lower contrast
relationship of kvp, contrast, and gray scale
low kvp
high contrast
short gray scale
high kvp
low contrast
long gray scale
what is measured in milliamperes?
x-ray tube current
what controls the tube current?
mA
It determines the quantity of x-ray photons and so affects dose
milliamperes (mA)
Increasing either current or time will ___ quantity of radiation?
Increase or decrease
increase
refers to the quantity of x-rays produced
mAs
when mAs is doubled, the number of electrons striking the tube target is doubled, and therefore the number of x-rays is ___
doubled
___ mA, more photons, more x-rays produces, higher density of cover
higher mA
time of exposure is measured in ___
secs/millisecs
___ = tube current x exposure time
mAs
the distance between the source of the x-rays and the detector or image plate
source to image distance (SID)
what happens to intensity when x-rays travel through the air?
increase or decrease
decrease
the relationship between distance and x-ray energy is expressed in the ___
inverse-square law
the size of the x-ray beam at its source from which point the beam diverges
focal spot size
it is determined by the size and shape of the electron beam when it strikes the anode
focal spot size
it contains predetermined dose values and measures real-time dose during the exposure, then terminating the exposure once a satisfactory dose has been received by the ionization chamber
automatic exposure control (AEC)
Is the dose received by the ionization chamber almost identical to that received by the image plate?
yes
It determines the dose according to subject density, therefore accurate centering is crucial.
AEC (automatic exposure control)
what does AEC affect?
time, therefore mAs
It is removable
filters
attaches to the tube,
filters
impacts beam intensity to achieve uniformity in the image
filters
used in images with vast density variation
filters
it absorbs scattter radiation
grid
Lead strips may be straight or divergent
grid
It can cause artefact (grid cutoff)
grid
an unclear appearance of an anatomical structure due to radiographic technique or error
artefact
