CHATPTER 1 — PART 1 Flashcards
Depending on their size and capacity, rigs can have up to four prime movers delivering power amounting to 3000hp
Power System
Electrical power generators found in rigs typically use diesel-powered internal combustion engines called. It is connected to the drawworks, rotary table, and mud pumps
prime movers
•a large pulley system used to lower and raise
drillstring, casing, and equipment into and out of the well.
Hoisting System
main components of hoisting system:
drilling line
drawworks
crown
block
travelling block
deadline anchor
reserve drum
It lifts equipment and drillstrings up and down
Drawworks
A wire rope called the ___ is spooled around the drum.
drilling line
what runs the drum in the drawworks
Electric motors and gearing system
crownblock is where the drilling line is threaded (reeved) over a set of sheaves down to another set of sheaves called a ___
travelling block
•an assembly of sheaves (or pulleys) over which the drilling line is reeved
• mounted on beams at the top of the derrick
Crownblock
•an arrangement of pulleys through which the drilling line is reeved
• Allows the drillstring to be raised or lowered
•Can have a fixed or a mounted hook
Travelling block
•A large hook with a snap-shut locking device suspended from the travelling block
•Used to suspend the drillstring
•May be used to hang the top drive
Drilling Hook
•A set of clamps used when running or pulling the drillstring or casing into or out of the hole
•connected to the travelling block.
Elevators
proprietary type drill pipe elevator called the ___. Variants can handle pipes from 2 3/8” to 5 7/8”.
Keystone Bottleneck Elevators
___ type elevator for handling casings. For instance, the SLX-100 (proprietary) can handle casings from 2 3/8” to 5 ¾”.
Side door
• a heavy-duty wire rope made out of six strands of improved plow steel
• 7/8 to 2 inches in diameter
Drilling Line
• Part of the drilling line reeled to the drawworks
• travels with greater velocity than any other portion of the line
Fastline
• that part of the drilling line between the crown block and the deadline anchor
• remains stationary as the travelling block is hoisted
Deadline
• securely fastens the deadline to the mast or derrick substructure
Deadline anchor
Selecting the appropriate drilling line tensile strength and the number of times it is reeved through the blocks depend on the load the hoisting system must carry:
Ff = Fd = W/N
Companies may use the ___ to identify pulley system efficiency ratings
API RP 9B - Recommended Practice on Application, Care and Use of Wire Rope for Oilfield Services
in the hoisting system, the ___ does not wear
uniformly
drilling line
the greatest wear on the line happens as it passes around the ___
top of the crownblock sheave while raising the drillstring
___ or ___ operation is performed to maintain a competent drilling line for safe operation
Slip or Slip and cut
(1) the travelling block is lowered to the drillfloor
(2) the dead line anchor is unclamped
(3) some of the reserve line is threaded through the sheaves on the travelling block and crown block onto the drawworks drum
Slip operation
it is done if the drawworks drum is full
Slip and cut operation
(1) the travelling block is lowered to the drillfloor
(2) the dead line anchor is unclamped
(3) the line on the drawworks is unwound and discarded before the reserve line is threaded through the system onto the drawworks drum
Slip and cut operation
•Consists of mud pumps, distribution lines, and the mud cleaning and accumulation system;
•A closed hydraulic circuit allowing the mud to flow from the surface to the bottom of the hole, inside the drill string, and subsequently back to the surface
•Includes series of equipment for removing solids and gases from the mud as it flows from the well back to the active pit before being reinjected into the hole
Circulating System
In the circulating system, ___ supply the energy necessary for circulation.
mud pumps
located at the start of the circulating system
near the mud pumps where drilling fluid is initially prepared, and maintained depending on well bore conditions
Preparation Area
In the Circulating System, preparation area contains:
• Steel Mud Tanks/ Mud Pits
• Bulk Mud Component Storage/ Mud House/ Sack Room
• Bulk Tanks
• Mud Mixing Hopper
• Reserve Pit
• Sand Trap
• Settling Tanks
• Suction Tanks
• Slug Tank
• Chemical Tank
• specialized equipment for moving the drilling
fluid from the preparation area down the borehole and back to the active mud pit
Circulating Equipment
Circulating Equipment include:
• Mud Pump
• Discharge Line
• Standpipe
• Rotary Hose/ Kelly Hose
• Annulus
• Mud Return Line/ Flow
Station dedicated for decontaminating and conditioning drilling fluids brought out of the well bore
Conditioning Area
Conditioning equipment include:
• Shale Shaker
• Desander
• Desilter
• Degasser
A large tank holding DF on the rig or at a mud-mixing plant;
Mud Pit/ Mud Tank
Most ___ are of rectangular steel construction, with partitions holding up to 200 barrels each. They are set in series for the active mud system
land rig mud pits
Most ___ are larger and constructed into the drilling vessel holding up to 1000 barrels
offshore pits
___ are used at mixing plants and on some drilling rigs to improve mixing efficiency and reduce dead spots that allow settling
Circular pits
___ were the earliest type of mud pit, but environmental protection concern has led to less frequent use of open pits in the ground.
Earthen mud pits
• Any pit not part of the active (circulatory) system.
• It may be used to store spare or waste mud, base oil or brine.
• In operations on land, it is usually a plastic-lined, earthen pit, in which waste mud is stored until final disposal.
Reserve Mud Pit/ Mud Tank
• A mud-flow device for funneling materials are put into the circulating mud system
• Powered by a centrifugal pump that moves the mud at high velocity through a venturi nozzle (jet) below the
conical-shaped hopper
Mud Mixing Hopper/ Mud Hopper/ Jet
Hopper
In the preparation area, ___ are added through the mud hopper to provide dispersion, rapid hydration, and uniform mixing
Dry materials
___ are sometimes fed into the mud by a hose placed in the hopper.
Liquids
• a drilling mud filled open steel or earthen berm tank that is not stirred or circulated
• Somewhat cleans mud by letting it
pass slowly and allowing solids to settle
• A major drawback to this type of “cleaning” is that solids intentionally put into the mud, such as barite, may settle to the bottom and be discarded rather than circulated back into the wellbore.
Settling Tank/ Settling Pit
• A small pit, typically located immediately after the shaker screens, which is used as a settling pit to separate coarser solids that accidentally bypass the shakers
• Mud enters the pit at one side and exits via an overflow at the other
• They are dumped periodically to remove the settled solids, or alternatively the contents can be processed over a fine screen or with a centrifuge.
Sand Trap
• Small compartment, normally adjacent to the suction compartment, used to mix special fluids to pump downhole
• Most commonly used to prepare a small volume of weighted drilling fluid before a drillstem trip in and out of the borehole.
Slug Tank
• Used for mixing special chemicals like caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) before it is placed in the active mud tank
Chemical Tank
Positive displacement type pumps are used (reciprocating pistons) to deliver the high volumes and high pressures required to circulate mud through the drillstring and up the annulus
Mud Pumps
double acting mud pump
Duplex (2 cylinders)
single acting mud pump
Triplex (3 cylinders)
At shallow depths, mud pumps are usually connected in parallel to deliver ___
high flow rates
As the well goes deeper the pumps may act in series to provide ___
high pressure and lower flowrates
Single-acting pumps or ___, discharge on either the forward or return stroke of the piston or plunger; every cycle of the pump displaces only one volume of liquid.
Triplex pump
In double-acting pumps or ___, liquid is discharged on both the forward and return stroke of the piston.
Duplex pumps
Plunger pumps are only ___
single-acting
___ can be either single- or double-acting
piston pumps
Triplex pumps are generally used in ___
offshore rigs
duplex pumps are generally used in ___
land rigs
Duplex pumps have ___ and are double-acting (i.e. pump on the up-stroke and the down-stroke).
two cylinders
• A positive-displacement reciprocating pump that is configured with three plungers
• The most common configuration of pump used in both drilling and well service operations
• Capable of handling a wide range of fluid types, including corrosive fluids, abrasive fluids and slurries containing relatively large particulates.
Triplex pumps
• Commonly used on workover rigs, that has two plungers or pistons
• As a positive-reciprocating pump, the fluid flow rate is typically calculated from the number of strokes per minute that the pump makes and the displacement volume per stroke
• Such a level of accuracy usually is sufficient for general workover purposes.
Duplex pumps
advantages of triplex pumps
✓ weigh 30% less than duplex pumps
✓ easier, faster maintenance
✓ cost less to operate
✓ fluid end is more accessible
✓ discharge mud more smoothly
✓ move large volumes of mud at high pressures
Line connecting the pump to a series of tubulars and equipment to feed drilling fluids into the wellbore.
Discharge Line
• A large-diameter (3- to 5-in inside diameter), high-pressure flexible line used to connect the standpipe to the swivel
• This flexible piping arrangement permits the kelly (and, in turn, the drillstring and bit) to be raised or lowered while drilling fluid is pumped through the drillstring
• The simultaneous lowering of the drillstring while pumping fluid is critical to the drilling operation.
Rotary Hose/ Kelly Hose
• The large-diameter metal pipe that connects the bell nipple under the rotary table to the possum belly at the mud tanks
• An inclined, gravity-flow conduit to direct mud coming out the top of the wellbore to the mud surface-treating equipment
• Usually fitted with a crude paddle-type flow-measuring device commonly called a “flow show” that may give the driller the first indication that the well is flowing
• In a larger well field, multiple flowlines may connect individual wells to a manifold.
Mud Return Line/ Flow Line
• The primary and probably most important device on the rig for removing drilled solids from the mud
• Comprises a vibrating sieve that filters mud from the flowline
• Solids smaller than the wire mesh pass through the screen
• Larger solids are retained on the screen and eventually fall off the back of the device and are discarded.
Shale Shaker
• A hydrocyclone device that removes large drill solids from the whole mud system
• Located downstream of the shale shakers and degassers, but before the desilters or mud cleaners
• A volume of mud is pumped into the wide upper section of the hydrocylone at an angle roughly tangent to its circumference
Desander
• A hydrocyclone much like a desander except that its design incorporates a greater number of smaller cones
• Removes smaller unwanted solids from the mud system
• Its smaller cones allow the desilter to efficiently remove smaller diameter drill solids
• Located downstream from the desander in the surface mud system.
Desilter
A device that removes air or gases (methane, H2S, CO2, and others) from drilling liquids
Degasser
Conditioning Equipment examples
• shale shaker
• desander
• desilter
• degasser
