Chatper 4 Flashcards
Hunter-Gatherers
—depend on existing wildlife to meet their basic needs. Culture based on a nomadic
existence
Pastoral
—early domestication of animals (also nomadic)
Horticultural
—early cultivation of plants as main food source; the first permanent settlements, especially in
areas that had hospitable climate and reliable access to water—e.g., early Mesopotamia
Agricultural
—use of sophisticated tools and methods to produce food (produce and livestock). Large surplus
leads to ability to devote activity to “other” pursuits; distinct classes emerge
Feudal
—largely agricultural society characterized by large land holders (lords) and small, subsistence
farmers (serfs)
Industrial
—rise of large scale, mechanized production, urbanization, and “modern” capitalist societies
Post-Industrial/Post-Modern
—the current period with the most affluent economies
information technology and the service sector
HOW DO SOCIETIES LAST?(Socilzation)
All societies must teach the culture to its members- lifelong process that is referred to as socialization
Each society must realize ways to pass their culture along to its memebrs
Socialization Defintion
The lifelong process of learning how to adapt to a society’s culture
Cases of extreme isolation show the need for what?
socialization for human developments
Negotiation of our needs, wants and desires within specific material and cultural context
G. H. Mead’s concept of the self (following Cooley’s looking-glass self)
as a social
product that must be cultivated through meaningful interaction with others
Who we are are a product of symbloc intercation
Early development of the self dependent upon sigifcant others within the family
Primary Socialization
involves parents teaching children how to interact with culture, language skills and adoption of norms, values, beliefs
Limitation stage
most basic form of learning acceptable behavior( watch what you say/do)
Play stage
important for children to start developed concept of their self by taking the role of the other
Secondary Socialization
Schools as the most important agent of secondary socialization
* Game stage fully developed through group play—extracurricular activities
School is where generalized other is ____
is fully realized through formal setting where skills, beliefs, values, norms are reinforced in standirzed manner
Peer Groups
are also important for secondary socialization as non-family members also become signifcant others(potential for tension/conflict)
Mass Media
Other agent of socialization
Increasingly importsnt way that people develop a sense of their sleves via tech mediated communication
Anticipartory Socialzatipn
we prepare for future roles before we occupy them
-adult
-worker
-Romactic Partner
-Retirement
Resocialization Via Total Institutions
total Institutions attempt to un-do previous sense of self
* Military, Prisons, Mental Hospitals, Cults
* Degradation Ceremonies strip individuals of their established sense of self
* Attempt to separate from symbols of an individual’s established identity
* Reduced to just another soldier, inmate, patient, etc.
* Largely stripped of personal items, distinct dress, etc.
* Routinized behavior; little room for expressions of individuality
* Attempt to unlearn previous sense of self so new self may emerge
