ChatGPT Questions Flashcards
According to Dr. Joseph LeDoux the amygdala is designed to detect: a) Musical tones b) Predators c) Sweet tastes d) Emotional nuances in speech
b) Predators
According to Joseph LeDoux “threat-induced defensive reactions” should be used to denote: a) Physiological responses only b) Conscious feelings of fear c) Both physiological responses and conscious feelings d) Brain activities related to sleep disorders
c) Both physiological responses and conscious feelings
According to Konrad Lorenz what processes contribute to adaptive change in behaviour? a) Ontogeny only b) Phylogeny only c) Both ontogeny and phylogeny d) None of the above
c) Both ontogeny and phylogeny
According to the original theory of learned helplessness what deficit is produced by uncontrollable outcomes? a) Cognitive deficit b) Physical deficit c) Social deficit d) Financial deficit
a) Cognitive deficit
After conditioning what does the buzzer (CS) elicit in Pavlov’s dog experiment? a) No salivation b) Salivation c) Food-seeking behaviour d) Barking
b) Salivation
Amygdala is activated in response to which type of facial expressions? a) Happiness only b) Anger only c) Fear and joy especially fear d) Neutral expressions
c) Fear and joy especially fear
Amygdala is specialized for reacting to stimuli and triggering physiological responses which is different from: a) Cognitive processing b) Hormone regulation c) Digestive functions d) Motor coordination
a) Cognitive processing
Amygdala’s responses to danger are: a) Specific to humans b) Universal across species c) Exclusive to mammals d) Influenced by environmental factors
b) Universal across species
Anandamide known as the “bliss” molecule influences various behaviours including: a) Appetite memory pain depression and fertility b) Motor coordination and sensory perception c) Emotional intelligence and social bonding d) Language acquisition and logical reasoning
a) Appetite memory pain depression and fertility
Approximately how many animal collections are there around the world according to WAZA (2006)? a) 1000 b) 5000 c) 10000 d) 20000
c) 10000
At which field study site do bonobos exhibit a preference for primary forest habitat? a) Lukuru b) Lomako c) TL2 d) Wamba
a) Lukuru
Before conditioning how does a neutral stimulus (NS) affect the subject? a) It elicits a strong response b) It elicits no response c) It elicits a conditioned response d) It elicits an unconditioned response
b) It elicits no response
Conscious feelings of fear differ from physiological responses because: a) Conscious feelings are mediated by the amygdala exclusively b) Physiological responses are slower than conscious feelings c) Conscious feelings involve higher cortical processing in addition to amygdala activation d) Conscious feelings and physiological responses are synonymous
c) Conscious feelings involve higher cortical processing in addition to amygdala activation
Emotions serve useful purposes in biological psychology including: a) Increasing metabolic rate b) Enhancing memory consolidation c) Making quick decisions and understanding/communicating needs d) Regulating circadian rhythms
c) Making quick decisions and understanding/communicating needs
Fear circuitry involves: a) Only the amygdala and hippocampus b) Complex interactions among various brain regions with the amygdala at the center c) Exclusively cortical regions d) Motor areas responsible for fight-or-flight responses
b) Complex interactions among various brain regions with the amygdala at the center
Fear conditioning is used as a behavioural measure of fear in humans and involves: a) Direct stimulation of the neocortex b) Activation of the prefrontal cortex c) Neural pathways sending information to the amygdala d) Activation of the cerebellum
c) Neural pathways sending information to the amygdala
Fear responses across species are similar because: a) All species share identical genetic makeup b) The brain’s responses to danger are hardwired and conserved throughout evolution c) Environmental factors override genetic predispositions d) Human behaviour is inherently unpredictable
b) The brain’s responses to danger are hardwired and conserved throughout evolution
How can human-wildlife interactions be kept safe? a) Through increased hunting activities b) By limiting human access to natural areas c) Through education and awareness programs d) By relocating wildlife to urban environments
c) Through education and awareness programs
How can problems between humans and wild animals develop? a) Through mutual understanding and cooperation b) Due to habitat destruction and encroachment c) By promoting peaceful coexistence d) Through genetic modification of wildlife
b) Due to habitat destruction and encroachment
How can the diet of early hominids be inferred from fossilized teeth? a) By analyzing the enamel color b) By measuring the tooth size c) By examining scratches and pits on the tooth surface d) By counting the number of teeth
c) By examining scratches and pits on the tooth surface
How did researchers study vervet monkey alarm calls in the wild? a) By observing their behaviour in captivity b) By recording alarm calls and observing reactions to playback c) By analyzing their DNA d) By training them to respond to cues
b) By recording alarm calls and observing reactions to playback
How do adult male chimpanzees compare to adult females in size? a) Adult males are much smaller b) Adult males are moderately larger c) Adult males are slightly larger d) Adult males are significantly smaller
b) Adult males are moderately larger
How do arrested adolescence in male orangutans affect social dynamics? a) They become dominant males. b) They remain subordinate to fully mature males. c) They exhibit aggressive behaviours. d) They form separate social groups.
b) They remain subordinate to fully mature males.
How do bonobos primarily construct their night nests? a) Using leaves and branches b) Selecting ground-level spots c) Using rocks and sticks d) Nest construction varies significantly
a) Using leaves and branches
How do critical periods affect learning in humans? a) They occur throughout life. b) They restrict learning opportunities. c) They enhance learning abilities. d) They have no impact on learning.
b) They restrict learning opportunities.
How do critical periods impact learning in animals? a) They restrict learning opportunities to specific developmental stages. b) They enhance learning abilities throughout life. c) They have no impact on learning. d) They occur randomly throughout the lifespan.
a) They restrict learning opportunities to specific developmental stages.
How do endotherms regulate their body temperature behaviourally? a) Evaporation of water b) Vasoconstriction c) Posture orientation and microclimate selection d) Shivering
c) Posture orientation and microclimate selection
How do physical characteristics influence learning? a) They determine genetic predispositions. b) They set limits on what an individual or species can learn. c) They control the environmental stimuli. d) They affect the social interactions.
b) They set limits on what an individual or species can learn.
How do the behaviours of bonobos contrast with those of other great apes? a) Bonobos exhibit higher levels of violence. b) Bonobos have a strict male dominance hierarchy. c) Bonobos use sex to resolve conflicts and establish social bonds. d) Bonobos are solitary and territorial.
c) Bonobos use sex to resolve conflicts and establish social bonds.
How does physical punishment relate to observational learning? a) It decreases aggressive behaviour b) It increases aggressive behaviour c) It has no effect on behaviour d) It only affects behaviour if combined with reinforcement
b) It increases aggressive behaviour
How many people visit accredited zoos each year according to WAZA (2006)? a) 100 million b) 300 million c) 600 million d) 1 billion
c) 600 million
How many species of gorillas are recognized according to Groves (2017)? a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
b) Two
How might zoo visitors be perceived by animals? a) Symbiont b) Enemy/predator c) No consequence d) All of the above
d) All of the above
How was Oliver’s treatment different after being rescued? a) He was returned to the wild. b) He was kept in isolation. c) He was provided with companionship and a natural environment. d) He was used for scientific experiments.
c) He was provided with companionship and a natural environment.
In a Fixed-Interval (FI) schedule when is the first response reinforced? a) After a fixed number of responses b) After a variable number of responses c) After a fixed period of time has elapsed d) After every response
c) After a fixed period of time has elapsed
In a Fixed-Ratio (FR) schedule when is a reinforcer given? a) After a fixed period of time has elapsed b) After a variable number of responses c) After a fixed number of non-reinforced responses d) After every response
c) After a fixed number of non-reinforced responses
In a Variable-Interval (VI) schedule when is the first response reinforced? a) After a variable number of responses b) After a fixed period of time has elapsed c) After a variable period of time has elapsed d) After every response
c) After a variable period of time has elapsed
In a Variable-Ratio (VR) schedule when is a reinforcer given? a) After a fixed period of time has elapsed b) After a variable number of non-reinforced responses c) After a fixed number of non-reinforced responses d) After every response
b) After a variable number of non-reinforced responses
In advertising what role does the product play after conditioning? a) Unconditioned Stimulus b) Neutral Stimulus c) Conditioned Stimulus d) Unconditioned Response
c) Conditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning what does UCS stand for? a) Unconditioned Sensation b) Unconditioned Stimulus c) Unconditioned Situation d) Unconditioned Sensory
b) Unconditioned Stimulus
In Pavlov’s dog experiment what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)? a) Food b) Buzzer c) Salivation d) No salivation
a) Food
In the context of classical conditioning what does CS stand for? a) Conditioned Stimulus b) Controlled Stimulus c) Coordinated Stimulus d) Communicative Stimulus
a) Conditioned Stimulus
In the context of non-lethal animal control what does the term ‘habituation’ refer to? a) Animals becoming aggressive towards stimuli b) Animals becoming accustomed to stimuli c) Animals avoiding stimuli d) Animals being relocated
b) Animals becoming accustomed to stimuli
In the context of observational learning what is a ‘model’? a) A reinforcement schedule b) A person who demonstrates a behaviour c) A stimulus that triggers a response d) A type of punishment
b) A person who demonstrates a behaviour
In the Gorilla Genome Project how many individuals’ genomes were sequenced? a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8
c) 4
In the Little Albert experiment what response did the white rat (CS) eventually elicit? a) Happiness b) Curiosity c) Fear/Crying d) No response
c) Fear/Crying
In the Little Albert experiment what was the UCS used to condition fear? a) White Rat b) Loud Noise c) Bright Light d) Soft Toy
b) Loud Noise
In the original dog experiments what made the dogs ‘helpless’ in the shuttle box? a) Being given electric shocks b) Being given uncontrollable electric shocks c) Lack of food d) Excessive noise
b) Being given uncontrollable electric shocks
In what context are scarecrows and radio-activated scare devices used? a) To entertain visitors b) To control and deter wildlife c) To attract more wildlife d) To train animals
b) To control and deter wildlife
Learned helplessness in rats can be induced by exposing them to what kind of shock? a) Predictable escapable shock b) Unpredictable inescapable shock c) Mild controllable shock d) Continuous severe shock
b) Unpredictable inescapable shock
Pathways connecting the emotional processing system of fear (amygdala) with the thinking brain (neocortex) are: a) Symmetrical b) Weak in both directions c) Stronger from the neocortex to the amygdala d) Not involved in emotional processing
c) Stronger from the neocortex to the amygdala
Problems controlling emotions in humans are attributed to: a) Overactive hippocampus b) Weak connections from the cortex to the amygdala c) Lack of sensory inputs d) Excessive control exerted by the neocortex over the amygdala
b) Weak connections from the cortex to the amygdala
The amygdala and other limbic structures play a significant role in: a) Processing motor commands b) Regulating sleep-wake cycles c) Forming implicit memories d) Mediating conscious feelings
d) Mediating conscious feelings
The conscious feeling of fear arises from: a) Direct activation of the amygdala b) The neocortex only c) The hippocampus exclusively d) A slower pathway involving the ear amygdala and higher cortex
d) A slower pathway involving the ear amygdala and higher cortex
The fear system of the brain evolved: a) After humans experienced fear b) Concurrently with language development c) Before humans experienced fear d) In response to technological advancements
c) Before humans experienced fear
The fear system of the brain is: a) A recent evolutionary development b) Primarily responsible for regulating sleep patterns c) Associated with the amygdala and evolved as behavioural solutions to survival problems d) Responsible for processing visual stimuli exclusively
c) Associated with the amygdala and evolved as behavioural solutions to survival problems
Traumatic memories involve: a) Only implicit memories mediated by the amygdala b) Only explicit memories mediated by the hippocampus c) Both explicit and implicit memories mediated by different brain structures d) No memory formation due to amygdala dysfunction
c) Both explicit and implicit memories mediated by different brain structures
Ultrasonic rat vocalizations are associated with: a) Joyful experiences b) Stress and unhappiness c) Pain relief d) Digestive processes
b) Stress and unhappiness
What additional determinant of behaviour did Burghardt add in 1997? a) Social influence b) Private experience of the animal presenting the behaviour c) Environmental impact d) Genetic predisposition
b) Private experience of the animal presenting the behaviour
What age range do the footprints at the Laetoli site in Tanzania represent? a) 1 million years old b) 2 million years old c) 3 million years old d) 4 million years old
c) 3 million years old
What are fixed action patterns (FAPs)? a) Learned behaviours b) Strongly biologically determined behaviours c) Behaviours resulting from environmental changes d) Random behaviours
b) Strongly biologically determined behaviours
What are some benefits for animals living in zoos? a) Unlimited freedom and space b) Guaranteed food and medical care c) No exposure to other species d) Isolation from other animals
b) Guaranteed food and medical care
What are the benefits of using behaviour as a measure in zoo research? a) It is easy to implement inexpensive and non-invasive b) It requires advanced technology and high costs c) It is invasive but provides detailed information d) It is difficult to implement and requires specialized training
a) It is easy to implement inexpensive and non-invasive
What are the four goals of modern zoos? a) Conservation Education Entertainment Research b) Conservation Recreation Education Commerce c) Conservation Education Marketing Research d) Conservation Education Rehabilitation Research
a) Conservation Education Entertainment Research
What are the three types of cognitive distortions proposed by Beck’s theory of depression? a) About self world and others b) About self past and future c) About world future and goals d) About past present and future
a) About self world and others
What behaviour might be observed as a form of self-mutilation in zoo animals? a) Pacing b) Feather plucking c) Playing with toys d) Social grooming
b) Feather plucking
What behavioural characteristic distinguishes bonobos from other great apes? a) High levels of violence b) Male dominance hierarchy c) Use of sex to resolve conflicts d) Preference for solitary living
c) Use of sex to resolve conflicts
What can observational learning explain? a) Why people do not respond to reinforcement b) The influence of mass media on behaviour c) The ineffectiveness of physical punishment d) The role of genetics in behaviour
b) The influence of mass media on behaviour
What characterized the ‘Disinfectant Era’ of zoo enclosures? a) Naturalistic and spacious b) Barren and easy to clean c) Filled with enrichment items d) Modeled after natural habitats
b) Barren and easy to clean
What concept did Albert Bandura introduce in relation to social learning? a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Vicarious reinforcement d) Negative reinforcement
c) Vicarious reinforcement
What condition results from body temperature being too low? a) Hyperthermia b) Heat stroke c) Hypothermia d) Malignant hyperthermia
c) Hypothermia
What contributes to differences in learning ability within and between species? a) Genetic factors only b) Environmental factors only c) Both genetic and environmental factors d) Cultural factors
c) Both genetic and environmental factors
What controls eating and other body maintenance functions in the brain? a) Hippocampus b) Amygdala c) Hypothalamus d) Pituitary gland
c) Hypothalamus
What did the Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrate about children and aggression? a) Children do not learn aggression from models b) Children only learn aggression from live models c) Children imitate aggression observed in both live and filmed models d) Children are naturally aggressive without any model
c) Children imitate aggression observed in both live and filmed models
What distinguishes infant chimpanzees in terms of their appearance? a) Dark faces b) White tuft of hair on their behinds c) Large body size d) Long limbs
b) White tuft of hair on their behinds
What do Breland & Breland’s observations about animal behaviour suggest? a) Innate behaviours override learned responses. b) Operant conditioning is more effective than classical conditioning. c) Animals can learn any behaviour through reinforcement. d) Genetic factors have no influence on behaviour.
a) Innate behaviours override learned responses.
What does the existence of stone tools and bipedal footprints suggest about early hominids? a) They were primarily arboreal. b) They lived in large complex societies. c) They were capable scavengers and tool users. d) They relied solely on hunting for food.
c) They were capable scavengers and tool users.
What does the field of comparative cognition study? a) Human cognition only b) Animal cognition only c) Information processing across species d) Cognitive development in children
c) Information processing across species
What does the Hopelessness Theory of Depression suggest? a) Depressed people are overly optimistic b) Depressed people overestimate their control over outcomes c) Depressed people generalize uncontrollability to controllable situations d) Depressed people have a realistic attributional style
c) Depressed people generalize uncontrollability to controllable situations
What does the presence of stereotypic behaviour in zoo animals typically indicate? a) High levels of physical activity b) Effective enrichment strategies c) Compromised well-being d) Healthy social interactions
c) Compromised well-being
What does the statement “Learned behaviour is NOT inherited” imply? a) Parents teach their offspring all learned behaviours. b) Learned behaviours are not passed on to future generations. c) All behaviours are genetically determined. d) Genetic inheritance directly influences learned behaviours.
b) Learned behaviours are not passed on to future generations.
What does the study of behaviour encompass according to Alexander (1975)? a) Only physical movements b) Only sensory experiences c) Movements and sensations that mediate relationships with external environments d) Only social interactions
c) Movements and sensations that mediate relationships with external environments
What does the term “phylogeny” refer to in Tinbergen’s determinants? a) The evolutionary history of behaviour in a population b) The physiological mechanisms of behaviour c) The individual development of behaviour d) The immediate cause of behaviour
a) The evolutionary history of behaviour in a population
What does the theory of Positive Illusions propose? a) Depressed people have an optimistic view of reality b) Mentally healthy people see the world realistically c) Mentally healthy people distort reality positively d) Depressed people lack any illusions about reality
c) Mentally healthy people distort reality positively
What effect does reinforcement have on behaviour? a) Decreases the tendency to make that response b) Suppresses unwanted behaviour c) Increases the tendency to make that response d) Has no effect on behaviour
c) Increases the tendency to make that response
What emotional experience is NOT commonly associated with zoo visits? a) Happiness b) Fear c) Anger d) Privilege
c) Anger
What ethical issue arises from the historical treatment of Ota Benga and Saartjie Baartman? a) Invasive medical research b) Animal rights activism c) Human-wildlife conflict d) Exploitation and dehumanization
d) Exploitation and dehumanization
What ethical obligation do humans have towards non-human apes? a) To use them for entertainment purposes b) To prioritize their conservation and welfare c) To exploit them for medical research d) To display them in zoos for public education
b) To prioritize their conservation and welfare
What ethical problems are associated with wildlife tourism activities that involve close encounters with animals? a) Animals are often overfed b) Animals are drugged chained or mutilated c) Animals are allowed to roam freely d) Animals are put in overcrowded spaces
b) Animals are drugged chained or mutilated
What experiment did Hiroto and Seligman conduct in 1975 to study human helplessness? a) Electric shock experiments b) Loud irritating noise experiments c) Food deprivation experiments d) Visual stimulus experiments
b) Loud irritating noise experiments
What factors determine individual differences in learning ability? a) Genetic makeup and environmental factors b) Age and gender c) Cultural background d) Socioeconomic status
a) Genetic makeup and environmental factors
What happens to lactase levels in most mammals after weaning? a) They increase significantly b) They remain constant c) They decrease leading to lactose intolerance d) They are converted into glucose
c) They decrease leading to lactose intolerance
What historical event involved the display of a human named Ota Benga at the Bronx Zoo? a) The Great Depression b) The Civil Rights Movement c) World War I d) Early 20th-century colonial exhibitions
d) Early 20th-century colonial exhibitions
What is a baseline study in the context of zoo visitor research? a) A study to understand visitor demographics b) A study to track where visitors go inside the zoo c) A study on the impact of zoo campaigns d) A study on the impact of specific exhibits
a) A study to understand visitor demographics
What is a baseline study in zoo behavioural research? a) A study focused on genetic testing b) A study to understand what animals do and how they behave c) A study on visitor preferences d) A study on zoo marketing strategies
b) A study to understand what animals do and how they behave
What is a challenge associated with using aversive stimuli like scarecrows or electric fences to control wildlife? a) They are too expensive to maintain b) Animals can become habituated to them c) They harm the environment d) They attract more predators
b) Animals can become habituated to them
What is a characteristic feeding behaviour of small birds? a) Consuming large meals irregularly b) Eating what they need and storing almost no fat c) Feeding continuously throughout the day d) Consuming only high-calorie foods
c) Feeding continuously throughout the day
What is a common consequence of obesity? a) Decreased risk of heart disease b) Improved joint health c) Increased risk of cancer d) Lower blood pressure
c) Increased risk of cancer
What is a common factor influencing eating behaviour in humans? a) Genetic predisposition b) Cultural upbringing c) Seasonal changes d) Geographic location
b) Cultural upbringing
What is a common risk associated with obesity? a) Decreased risk of heart disease b) Improved mental health c) Lower incidence of diabetes d) Increased risk of sleep disorders
d) Increased risk of sleep disorders
What is a critical period in the context of learning? a) A time when learning is impossible b) A time when learning is easiest and most effective c) A period of sleep during which learning occurs d) A time when learning must be reinforced
b) A time when learning is easiest
What is a Likert scale commonly used for in visitor studies? a) Demographic details b) Rating visitor experiences or attitudes c) Yes/no questions d) Open-ended questions
b) Rating visitor experiences or attitudes
What is a limitation for animals housed in zoos compared to their wild counterparts? a) Better social interactions b) Lack of natural hunting opportunities c) Greater space to roam d) Increased access to enrichment activities
b) Lack of natural hunting opportunities
What is a psychological support for animals in potentially distressing situations? a) Additional food b) Compatible companion c) Larger enclosure d) Soft music
b) Compatible companion
What is a zoo according to Hosey Melfi & Pankhurst (2009)? a) A private collection of domestic animals b) A public exhibition of plants c) A collection of mostly wild animals open to the public for a significant part of the year d) A wildlife sanctuary for endangered species
c) A collection of mostly wild animals open to the public for a significant part of the year
What is an ethogram? a) A catalogue of animal genetics b) A descriptive catalogue of behaviours within a species c) A guide to animal habitats d) A catalogue of animal diets
b) A descriptive catalogue of behaviours within a species
What is an ethogram? a) A list of all food items an animal consumes b) A diagram of an animal’s enclosure c) A list of behaviours with operational definitions observed in a species or group d) A schedule of enrichment activities
c) A list of behaviours with operational definitions observed in a species or group
What is an example of non-lethal animal control in wildlife tourism? a) Using guns to scare animals away b) Using electric fences around tourist areas c) Drugging animals to make them safer for human contact d) Providing educational tours without direct animal contact
d) Providing educational tours without direct animal contact
What is an intermittent reinforcement schedule? a) Reinforces behaviour continuously b) Reinforces behaviour every time it occurs c) Reinforces behaviour on a variable or fixed schedule d) Reinforces behaviour randomly
c) Reinforces behaviour on a variable or fixed schedule
What is Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression mainly about? a) Physical symptoms of depression b) Environmental causes of depression c) Negative cognitive schemas in depression d) Genetic predispositions to depression
c) Negative cognitive schemas in depression
What is considered a primitive form of language in vervet monkeys? a) Vocalized calls b) Hand gestures c) Written symbols d) Morse code
a) Vocalized calls
What is discrimination in classical conditioning? a) Responding only to the original conditioned stimulus b) Responding to all stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus c) Extinction of the conditioned response d) Generalizing the conditioned response to multiple stimuli
a) Responding only to the original conditioned stimulus
What is extinction in classical conditioning? a) The initial stage of learning b) The disappearance of the conditioned response c) The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause d) The strengthening of a conditioned response
b) The disappearance of the conditioned response
What is generalization in classical conditioning? a) Distinguishing between different stimuli b) The reappearance of a conditioned response c) The conditioned response to a range of similar stimuli d) The extinction of the conditioned response
c) The conditioned response to a range of similar stimuli
What is habituation? a) The increase in response to a repeated stimulus b) The decrease in response to a repeated stimulus c) The pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus d) A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
b) The decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
What is higher-order conditioning? a) Conditioning a neutral stimulus to become a UCS b) Pairing a CS with a new neutral stimulus to create a second CS c) Using multiple UCS to strengthen a conditioned response d) Discriminating between different conditioned stimuli
b) Pairing a CS with a new neutral stimulus to create a second CS
What is identified as the biggest problem when people and wildlife come into contact near natural environments? a) Habitat destruction b) Feeding wild animals c) Poaching d) Water pollution
b) Feeding wild animals
What is NOT a criticism of the original triadic dog experiments? a) Possibility of instrumental response b) Results could be due to unpredictability c) Too much focus on neurochemical explanations d) All dogs showed learned helplessness
d) All dogs showed learned helplessness
What is observational learning? a) Learning through direct reinforcement b) Learning influenced by observation of others c) Learning through habituation d) Learning influenced by punishment
b) Learning influenced by observation of others
What is one characteristic of the Laetoli footprints that suggests bipedalism? a) Claw marks b) Opposable toes c) Convergent toe and well-developed arches d) Lack of footprints
c) Convergent toe and well-developed arches
What is one example of instinctive drift in animals? a) Birds learning to fly b) Fish swimming in schools c) Pigs depositing coins in a piggy bank d) Wolves hunting in packs
c) Pigs depositing coins in a piggy bank
What is one of the main goals of enrichment in zoos? a) To increase visitor engagement b) To provide animals with species-typical environments c) To train animals for performances d) To make cleaning enclosures easier
b) To provide animals with species-typical environments
What is one of the main goals of using ecological learning theory in animal welfare applications? a) Increasing animal aggression b) Minimizing human-animal conflict c) Reducing animal activity d) Enhancing animal exploitation
b) Minimizing human-animal conflict
What is one of the research topics within comparative cognition? a) Cell biology b) Geographical mapping c) Decision-making d) Political science
c) Decision-making
What is one potential consequence of unsustainable human behaviour? a) Decreased levels of pollution b) Increased biodiversity c) Depletion of natural resources d) Improved wildlife habitats
c) Depletion of natural resources
What is one way to teach adults and children how to understand dog behaviour and interact safely with domestic animals? a) Encourage aggressive behaviour b) Avoid interaction with dogs altogether c) Provide training on dog body language and communication cues d) Use punishment-based methods for behaviour correction
c) Provide training on dog body language and communication cues
What is shaping by successive approximations? a) Reinforcing the final desired behaviour immediately b) Suppressing all undesired behaviours c) Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behaviour d) Using punishment to decrease unwanted behaviour
c) Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behaviour
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning? a) The process of learning a new conditioned response b) The return of an extinguished conditioned response c) The weakening of a conditioned response d) The generalization of a conditioned response
b) The return of an extinguished conditioned response
What is stereotypic behaviour in zoo animals? a) Normal species-specific behaviour b) A repetitive invariant behaviour indicating compromised well-being c) Behaviour learned from enrichment activities d) Social interactions with other animals
b) A repetitive invariant behaviour indicating compromised well-being
What is the ‘three-term contingency’ in operant conditioning? a) A sequence of three different reinforcements b) The relationship between stimulus response and reinforcement c) Three types of punishments d) Three levels of behaviour modification
b) The relationship between stimulus response and reinforcement
What is the average daily activity budget for bonobos at Lomako? a) 20% Feeding b) 31.9% Resting c) 50% Travel d) 6.3% Interacting with others
b) 31.9% Resting
What is the average party size of bonobos? a) 10-15 individuals b) 35-40 individuals c) 6-35 individuals d) 1-5 individuals
c) 6-35 individuals
What is the CR in classical conditioning? a) Conditioned Response b) Controlled Reaction c) Conditioned Reflex d) Conditioned Reaction
a) Conditioned Response
What is the Depressive Realism Hypothesis? a) Depressed people have distorted views of reality b) Depressed people are more realistic in their judgments c) Depressed people see the world through rose-tinted glasses d) Depressed people avoid making any judgments
b) Depressed people are more realistic in their judgments
What is the distinguishing feature of Central chimpanzees? a) Pink faces b) Black faces c) Fuller sideburns d) Arched brow ridges
a) Pink faces
What is the distinguishing feature of Mountain gorillas? a) Jet black color b) Grey-white hair on the back and flanks c) Figure-8-shaped faces d) Longer beards
b) Grey-white hair on the back and flanks
What is the distinguishing feature of Sumatran orangutans? a) Longer faces b) Oval faces c) Broader faces d) Shorter body hair
a) Longer faces
