ChatGPT Questions Flashcards
According to Dr. Joseph LeDoux the amygdala is designed to detect: a) Musical tones b) Predators c) Sweet tastes d) Emotional nuances in speech
b) Predators
According to Joseph LeDoux “threat-induced defensive reactions” should be used to denote: a) Physiological responses only b) Conscious feelings of fear c) Both physiological responses and conscious feelings d) Brain activities related to sleep disorders
c) Both physiological responses and conscious feelings
According to Konrad Lorenz what processes contribute to adaptive change in behaviour? a) Ontogeny only b) Phylogeny only c) Both ontogeny and phylogeny d) None of the above
c) Both ontogeny and phylogeny
According to the original theory of learned helplessness what deficit is produced by uncontrollable outcomes? a) Cognitive deficit b) Physical deficit c) Social deficit d) Financial deficit
a) Cognitive deficit
After conditioning what does the buzzer (CS) elicit in Pavlov’s dog experiment? a) No salivation b) Salivation c) Food-seeking behaviour d) Barking
b) Salivation
Amygdala is activated in response to which type of facial expressions? a) Happiness only b) Anger only c) Fear and joy especially fear d) Neutral expressions
c) Fear and joy especially fear
Amygdala is specialized for reacting to stimuli and triggering physiological responses which is different from: a) Cognitive processing b) Hormone regulation c) Digestive functions d) Motor coordination
a) Cognitive processing
Amygdala’s responses to danger are: a) Specific to humans b) Universal across species c) Exclusive to mammals d) Influenced by environmental factors
b) Universal across species
Anandamide known as the “bliss” molecule influences various behaviours including: a) Appetite memory pain depression and fertility b) Motor coordination and sensory perception c) Emotional intelligence and social bonding d) Language acquisition and logical reasoning
a) Appetite memory pain depression and fertility
Approximately how many animal collections are there around the world according to WAZA (2006)? a) 1000 b) 5000 c) 10000 d) 20000
c) 10000
At which field study site do bonobos exhibit a preference for primary forest habitat? a) Lukuru b) Lomako c) TL2 d) Wamba
a) Lukuru
Before conditioning how does a neutral stimulus (NS) affect the subject? a) It elicits a strong response b) It elicits no response c) It elicits a conditioned response d) It elicits an unconditioned response
b) It elicits no response
Conscious feelings of fear differ from physiological responses because: a) Conscious feelings are mediated by the amygdala exclusively b) Physiological responses are slower than conscious feelings c) Conscious feelings involve higher cortical processing in addition to amygdala activation d) Conscious feelings and physiological responses are synonymous
c) Conscious feelings involve higher cortical processing in addition to amygdala activation
Emotions serve useful purposes in biological psychology including: a) Increasing metabolic rate b) Enhancing memory consolidation c) Making quick decisions and understanding/communicating needs d) Regulating circadian rhythms
c) Making quick decisions and understanding/communicating needs
Fear circuitry involves: a) Only the amygdala and hippocampus b) Complex interactions among various brain regions with the amygdala at the center c) Exclusively cortical regions d) Motor areas responsible for fight-or-flight responses
b) Complex interactions among various brain regions with the amygdala at the center
Fear conditioning is used as a behavioural measure of fear in humans and involves: a) Direct stimulation of the neocortex b) Activation of the prefrontal cortex c) Neural pathways sending information to the amygdala d) Activation of the cerebellum
c) Neural pathways sending information to the amygdala
Fear responses across species are similar because: a) All species share identical genetic makeup b) The brain’s responses to danger are hardwired and conserved throughout evolution c) Environmental factors override genetic predispositions d) Human behaviour is inherently unpredictable
b) The brain’s responses to danger are hardwired and conserved throughout evolution
How can human-wildlife interactions be kept safe? a) Through increased hunting activities b) By limiting human access to natural areas c) Through education and awareness programs d) By relocating wildlife to urban environments
c) Through education and awareness programs
How can problems between humans and wild animals develop? a) Through mutual understanding and cooperation b) Due to habitat destruction and encroachment c) By promoting peaceful coexistence d) Through genetic modification of wildlife
b) Due to habitat destruction and encroachment
How can the diet of early hominids be inferred from fossilized teeth? a) By analyzing the enamel color b) By measuring the tooth size c) By examining scratches and pits on the tooth surface d) By counting the number of teeth
c) By examining scratches and pits on the tooth surface
How did researchers study vervet monkey alarm calls in the wild? a) By observing their behaviour in captivity b) By recording alarm calls and observing reactions to playback c) By analyzing their DNA d) By training them to respond to cues
b) By recording alarm calls and observing reactions to playback
How do adult male chimpanzees compare to adult females in size? a) Adult males are much smaller b) Adult males are moderately larger c) Adult males are slightly larger d) Adult males are significantly smaller
b) Adult males are moderately larger
How do arrested adolescence in male orangutans affect social dynamics? a) They become dominant males. b) They remain subordinate to fully mature males. c) They exhibit aggressive behaviours. d) They form separate social groups.
b) They remain subordinate to fully mature males.
How do bonobos primarily construct their night nests? a) Using leaves and branches b) Selecting ground-level spots c) Using rocks and sticks d) Nest construction varies significantly
a) Using leaves and branches
How do critical periods affect learning in humans? a) They occur throughout life. b) They restrict learning opportunities. c) They enhance learning abilities. d) They have no impact on learning.
b) They restrict learning opportunities.
How do critical periods impact learning in animals? a) They restrict learning opportunities to specific developmental stages. b) They enhance learning abilities throughout life. c) They have no impact on learning. d) They occur randomly throughout the lifespan.
a) They restrict learning opportunities to specific developmental stages.
How do endotherms regulate their body temperature behaviourally? a) Evaporation of water b) Vasoconstriction c) Posture orientation and microclimate selection d) Shivering
c) Posture orientation and microclimate selection
How do physical characteristics influence learning? a) They determine genetic predispositions. b) They set limits on what an individual or species can learn. c) They control the environmental stimuli. d) They affect the social interactions.
b) They set limits on what an individual or species can learn.
How do the behaviours of bonobos contrast with those of other great apes? a) Bonobos exhibit higher levels of violence. b) Bonobos have a strict male dominance hierarchy. c) Bonobos use sex to resolve conflicts and establish social bonds. d) Bonobos are solitary and territorial.
c) Bonobos use sex to resolve conflicts and establish social bonds.
How does physical punishment relate to observational learning? a) It decreases aggressive behaviour b) It increases aggressive behaviour c) It has no effect on behaviour d) It only affects behaviour if combined with reinforcement
b) It increases aggressive behaviour
How many people visit accredited zoos each year according to WAZA (2006)? a) 100 million b) 300 million c) 600 million d) 1 billion
c) 600 million
How many species of gorillas are recognized according to Groves (2017)? a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
b) Two
How might zoo visitors be perceived by animals? a) Symbiont b) Enemy/predator c) No consequence d) All of the above
d) All of the above
How was Oliver’s treatment different after being rescued? a) He was returned to the wild. b) He was kept in isolation. c) He was provided with companionship and a natural environment. d) He was used for scientific experiments.
c) He was provided with companionship and a natural environment.
In a Fixed-Interval (FI) schedule when is the first response reinforced? a) After a fixed number of responses b) After a variable number of responses c) After a fixed period of time has elapsed d) After every response
c) After a fixed period of time has elapsed
In a Fixed-Ratio (FR) schedule when is a reinforcer given? a) After a fixed period of time has elapsed b) After a variable number of responses c) After a fixed number of non-reinforced responses d) After every response
c) After a fixed number of non-reinforced responses
In a Variable-Interval (VI) schedule when is the first response reinforced? a) After a variable number of responses b) After a fixed period of time has elapsed c) After a variable period of time has elapsed d) After every response
c) After a variable period of time has elapsed
In a Variable-Ratio (VR) schedule when is a reinforcer given? a) After a fixed period of time has elapsed b) After a variable number of non-reinforced responses c) After a fixed number of non-reinforced responses d) After every response
b) After a variable number of non-reinforced responses
In advertising what role does the product play after conditioning? a) Unconditioned Stimulus b) Neutral Stimulus c) Conditioned Stimulus d) Unconditioned Response
c) Conditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning what does UCS stand for? a) Unconditioned Sensation b) Unconditioned Stimulus c) Unconditioned Situation d) Unconditioned Sensory
b) Unconditioned Stimulus
In Pavlov’s dog experiment what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)? a) Food b) Buzzer c) Salivation d) No salivation
a) Food
In the context of classical conditioning what does CS stand for? a) Conditioned Stimulus b) Controlled Stimulus c) Coordinated Stimulus d) Communicative Stimulus
a) Conditioned Stimulus
In the context of non-lethal animal control what does the term ‘habituation’ refer to? a) Animals becoming aggressive towards stimuli b) Animals becoming accustomed to stimuli c) Animals avoiding stimuli d) Animals being relocated
b) Animals becoming accustomed to stimuli
In the context of observational learning what is a ‘model’? a) A reinforcement schedule b) A person who demonstrates a behaviour c) A stimulus that triggers a response d) A type of punishment
b) A person who demonstrates a behaviour
In the Gorilla Genome Project how many individuals’ genomes were sequenced? a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8
c) 4
In the Little Albert experiment what response did the white rat (CS) eventually elicit? a) Happiness b) Curiosity c) Fear/Crying d) No response
c) Fear/Crying
In the Little Albert experiment what was the UCS used to condition fear? a) White Rat b) Loud Noise c) Bright Light d) Soft Toy
b) Loud Noise
In the original dog experiments what made the dogs ‘helpless’ in the shuttle box? a) Being given electric shocks b) Being given uncontrollable electric shocks c) Lack of food d) Excessive noise
b) Being given uncontrollable electric shocks
In what context are scarecrows and radio-activated scare devices used? a) To entertain visitors b) To control and deter wildlife c) To attract more wildlife d) To train animals
b) To control and deter wildlife
Learned helplessness in rats can be induced by exposing them to what kind of shock? a) Predictable escapable shock b) Unpredictable inescapable shock c) Mild controllable shock d) Continuous severe shock
b) Unpredictable inescapable shock
Pathways connecting the emotional processing system of fear (amygdala) with the thinking brain (neocortex) are: a) Symmetrical b) Weak in both directions c) Stronger from the neocortex to the amygdala d) Not involved in emotional processing
c) Stronger from the neocortex to the amygdala
Problems controlling emotions in humans are attributed to: a) Overactive hippocampus b) Weak connections from the cortex to the amygdala c) Lack of sensory inputs d) Excessive control exerted by the neocortex over the amygdala
b) Weak connections from the cortex to the amygdala
The amygdala and other limbic structures play a significant role in: a) Processing motor commands b) Regulating sleep-wake cycles c) Forming implicit memories d) Mediating conscious feelings
d) Mediating conscious feelings
The conscious feeling of fear arises from: a) Direct activation of the amygdala b) The neocortex only c) The hippocampus exclusively d) A slower pathway involving the ear amygdala and higher cortex
d) A slower pathway involving the ear amygdala and higher cortex
The fear system of the brain evolved: a) After humans experienced fear b) Concurrently with language development c) Before humans experienced fear d) In response to technological advancements
c) Before humans experienced fear
The fear system of the brain is: a) A recent evolutionary development b) Primarily responsible for regulating sleep patterns c) Associated with the amygdala and evolved as behavioural solutions to survival problems d) Responsible for processing visual stimuli exclusively
c) Associated with the amygdala and evolved as behavioural solutions to survival problems
Traumatic memories involve: a) Only implicit memories mediated by the amygdala b) Only explicit memories mediated by the hippocampus c) Both explicit and implicit memories mediated by different brain structures d) No memory formation due to amygdala dysfunction
c) Both explicit and implicit memories mediated by different brain structures
Ultrasonic rat vocalizations are associated with: a) Joyful experiences b) Stress and unhappiness c) Pain relief d) Digestive processes
b) Stress and unhappiness
What additional determinant of behaviour did Burghardt add in 1997? a) Social influence b) Private experience of the animal presenting the behaviour c) Environmental impact d) Genetic predisposition
b) Private experience of the animal presenting the behaviour
What age range do the footprints at the Laetoli site in Tanzania represent? a) 1 million years old b) 2 million years old c) 3 million years old d) 4 million years old
c) 3 million years old
What are fixed action patterns (FAPs)? a) Learned behaviours b) Strongly biologically determined behaviours c) Behaviours resulting from environmental changes d) Random behaviours
b) Strongly biologically determined behaviours
What are some benefits for animals living in zoos? a) Unlimited freedom and space b) Guaranteed food and medical care c) No exposure to other species d) Isolation from other animals
b) Guaranteed food and medical care
What are the benefits of using behaviour as a measure in zoo research? a) It is easy to implement inexpensive and non-invasive b) It requires advanced technology and high costs c) It is invasive but provides detailed information d) It is difficult to implement and requires specialized training
a) It is easy to implement inexpensive and non-invasive
What are the four goals of modern zoos? a) Conservation Education Entertainment Research b) Conservation Recreation Education Commerce c) Conservation Education Marketing Research d) Conservation Education Rehabilitation Research
a) Conservation Education Entertainment Research
What are the three types of cognitive distortions proposed by Beck’s theory of depression? a) About self world and others b) About self past and future c) About world future and goals d) About past present and future
a) About self world and others
What behaviour might be observed as a form of self-mutilation in zoo animals? a) Pacing b) Feather plucking c) Playing with toys d) Social grooming
b) Feather plucking
What behavioural characteristic distinguishes bonobos from other great apes? a) High levels of violence b) Male dominance hierarchy c) Use of sex to resolve conflicts d) Preference for solitary living
c) Use of sex to resolve conflicts
What can observational learning explain? a) Why people do not respond to reinforcement b) The influence of mass media on behaviour c) The ineffectiveness of physical punishment d) The role of genetics in behaviour
b) The influence of mass media on behaviour
What characterized the ‘Disinfectant Era’ of zoo enclosures? a) Naturalistic and spacious b) Barren and easy to clean c) Filled with enrichment items d) Modeled after natural habitats
b) Barren and easy to clean
What concept did Albert Bandura introduce in relation to social learning? a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Vicarious reinforcement d) Negative reinforcement
c) Vicarious reinforcement
What condition results from body temperature being too low? a) Hyperthermia b) Heat stroke c) Hypothermia d) Malignant hyperthermia
c) Hypothermia
What contributes to differences in learning ability within and between species? a) Genetic factors only b) Environmental factors only c) Both genetic and environmental factors d) Cultural factors
c) Both genetic and environmental factors
What controls eating and other body maintenance functions in the brain? a) Hippocampus b) Amygdala c) Hypothalamus d) Pituitary gland
c) Hypothalamus
What did the Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrate about children and aggression? a) Children do not learn aggression from models b) Children only learn aggression from live models c) Children imitate aggression observed in both live and filmed models d) Children are naturally aggressive without any model
c) Children imitate aggression observed in both live and filmed models
What distinguishes infant chimpanzees in terms of their appearance? a) Dark faces b) White tuft of hair on their behinds c) Large body size d) Long limbs
b) White tuft of hair on their behinds
What do Breland & Breland’s observations about animal behaviour suggest? a) Innate behaviours override learned responses. b) Operant conditioning is more effective than classical conditioning. c) Animals can learn any behaviour through reinforcement. d) Genetic factors have no influence on behaviour.
a) Innate behaviours override learned responses.
What does the existence of stone tools and bipedal footprints suggest about early hominids? a) They were primarily arboreal. b) They lived in large complex societies. c) They were capable scavengers and tool users. d) They relied solely on hunting for food.
c) They were capable scavengers and tool users.
What does the field of comparative cognition study? a) Human cognition only b) Animal cognition only c) Information processing across species d) Cognitive development in children
c) Information processing across species
What does the Hopelessness Theory of Depression suggest? a) Depressed people are overly optimistic b) Depressed people overestimate their control over outcomes c) Depressed people generalize uncontrollability to controllable situations d) Depressed people have a realistic attributional style
c) Depressed people generalize uncontrollability to controllable situations
What does the presence of stereotypic behaviour in zoo animals typically indicate? a) High levels of physical activity b) Effective enrichment strategies c) Compromised well-being d) Healthy social interactions
c) Compromised well-being
What does the statement “Learned behaviour is NOT inherited” imply? a) Parents teach their offspring all learned behaviours. b) Learned behaviours are not passed on to future generations. c) All behaviours are genetically determined. d) Genetic inheritance directly influences learned behaviours.
b) Learned behaviours are not passed on to future generations.
What does the study of behaviour encompass according to Alexander (1975)? a) Only physical movements b) Only sensory experiences c) Movements and sensations that mediate relationships with external environments d) Only social interactions
c) Movements and sensations that mediate relationships with external environments
What does the term “phylogeny” refer to in Tinbergen’s determinants? a) The evolutionary history of behaviour in a population b) The physiological mechanisms of behaviour c) The individual development of behaviour d) The immediate cause of behaviour
a) The evolutionary history of behaviour in a population
What does the theory of Positive Illusions propose? a) Depressed people have an optimistic view of reality b) Mentally healthy people see the world realistically c) Mentally healthy people distort reality positively d) Depressed people lack any illusions about reality
c) Mentally healthy people distort reality positively
What effect does reinforcement have on behaviour? a) Decreases the tendency to make that response b) Suppresses unwanted behaviour c) Increases the tendency to make that response d) Has no effect on behaviour
c) Increases the tendency to make that response
What emotional experience is NOT commonly associated with zoo visits? a) Happiness b) Fear c) Anger d) Privilege
c) Anger
What ethical issue arises from the historical treatment of Ota Benga and Saartjie Baartman? a) Invasive medical research b) Animal rights activism c) Human-wildlife conflict d) Exploitation and dehumanization
d) Exploitation and dehumanization
What ethical obligation do humans have towards non-human apes? a) To use them for entertainment purposes b) To prioritize their conservation and welfare c) To exploit them for medical research d) To display them in zoos for public education
b) To prioritize their conservation and welfare
What ethical problems are associated with wildlife tourism activities that involve close encounters with animals? a) Animals are often overfed b) Animals are drugged chained or mutilated c) Animals are allowed to roam freely d) Animals are put in overcrowded spaces
b) Animals are drugged chained or mutilated
What experiment did Hiroto and Seligman conduct in 1975 to study human helplessness? a) Electric shock experiments b) Loud irritating noise experiments c) Food deprivation experiments d) Visual stimulus experiments
b) Loud irritating noise experiments
What factors determine individual differences in learning ability? a) Genetic makeup and environmental factors b) Age and gender c) Cultural background d) Socioeconomic status
a) Genetic makeup and environmental factors
What happens to lactase levels in most mammals after weaning? a) They increase significantly b) They remain constant c) They decrease leading to lactose intolerance d) They are converted into glucose
c) They decrease leading to lactose intolerance
What historical event involved the display of a human named Ota Benga at the Bronx Zoo? a) The Great Depression b) The Civil Rights Movement c) World War I d) Early 20th-century colonial exhibitions
d) Early 20th-century colonial exhibitions
What is a baseline study in the context of zoo visitor research? a) A study to understand visitor demographics b) A study to track where visitors go inside the zoo c) A study on the impact of zoo campaigns d) A study on the impact of specific exhibits
a) A study to understand visitor demographics
What is a baseline study in zoo behavioural research? a) A study focused on genetic testing b) A study to understand what animals do and how they behave c) A study on visitor preferences d) A study on zoo marketing strategies
b) A study to understand what animals do and how they behave
What is a challenge associated with using aversive stimuli like scarecrows or electric fences to control wildlife? a) They are too expensive to maintain b) Animals can become habituated to them c) They harm the environment d) They attract more predators
b) Animals can become habituated to them
What is a characteristic feeding behaviour of small birds? a) Consuming large meals irregularly b) Eating what they need and storing almost no fat c) Feeding continuously throughout the day d) Consuming only high-calorie foods
c) Feeding continuously throughout the day
What is a common consequence of obesity? a) Decreased risk of heart disease b) Improved joint health c) Increased risk of cancer d) Lower blood pressure
c) Increased risk of cancer
What is a common factor influencing eating behaviour in humans? a) Genetic predisposition b) Cultural upbringing c) Seasonal changes d) Geographic location
b) Cultural upbringing
What is a common risk associated with obesity? a) Decreased risk of heart disease b) Improved mental health c) Lower incidence of diabetes d) Increased risk of sleep disorders
d) Increased risk of sleep disorders
What is a critical period in the context of learning? a) A time when learning is impossible b) A time when learning is easiest and most effective c) A period of sleep during which learning occurs d) A time when learning must be reinforced
b) A time when learning is easiest
What is a Likert scale commonly used for in visitor studies? a) Demographic details b) Rating visitor experiences or attitudes c) Yes/no questions d) Open-ended questions
b) Rating visitor experiences or attitudes
What is a limitation for animals housed in zoos compared to their wild counterparts? a) Better social interactions b) Lack of natural hunting opportunities c) Greater space to roam d) Increased access to enrichment activities
b) Lack of natural hunting opportunities
What is a psychological support for animals in potentially distressing situations? a) Additional food b) Compatible companion c) Larger enclosure d) Soft music
b) Compatible companion
What is a zoo according to Hosey Melfi & Pankhurst (2009)? a) A private collection of domestic animals b) A public exhibition of plants c) A collection of mostly wild animals open to the public for a significant part of the year d) A wildlife sanctuary for endangered species
c) A collection of mostly wild animals open to the public for a significant part of the year
What is an ethogram? a) A catalogue of animal genetics b) A descriptive catalogue of behaviours within a species c) A guide to animal habitats d) A catalogue of animal diets
b) A descriptive catalogue of behaviours within a species
What is an ethogram? a) A list of all food items an animal consumes b) A diagram of an animal’s enclosure c) A list of behaviours with operational definitions observed in a species or group d) A schedule of enrichment activities
c) A list of behaviours with operational definitions observed in a species or group
What is an example of non-lethal animal control in wildlife tourism? a) Using guns to scare animals away b) Using electric fences around tourist areas c) Drugging animals to make them safer for human contact d) Providing educational tours without direct animal contact
d) Providing educational tours without direct animal contact
What is an intermittent reinforcement schedule? a) Reinforces behaviour continuously b) Reinforces behaviour every time it occurs c) Reinforces behaviour on a variable or fixed schedule d) Reinforces behaviour randomly
c) Reinforces behaviour on a variable or fixed schedule
What is Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression mainly about? a) Physical symptoms of depression b) Environmental causes of depression c) Negative cognitive schemas in depression d) Genetic predispositions to depression
c) Negative cognitive schemas in depression
What is considered a primitive form of language in vervet monkeys? a) Vocalized calls b) Hand gestures c) Written symbols d) Morse code
a) Vocalized calls
What is discrimination in classical conditioning? a) Responding only to the original conditioned stimulus b) Responding to all stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus c) Extinction of the conditioned response d) Generalizing the conditioned response to multiple stimuli
a) Responding only to the original conditioned stimulus
What is extinction in classical conditioning? a) The initial stage of learning b) The disappearance of the conditioned response c) The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause d) The strengthening of a conditioned response
b) The disappearance of the conditioned response
What is generalization in classical conditioning? a) Distinguishing between different stimuli b) The reappearance of a conditioned response c) The conditioned response to a range of similar stimuli d) The extinction of the conditioned response
c) The conditioned response to a range of similar stimuli
What is habituation? a) The increase in response to a repeated stimulus b) The decrease in response to a repeated stimulus c) The pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus d) A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
b) The decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
What is higher-order conditioning? a) Conditioning a neutral stimulus to become a UCS b) Pairing a CS with a new neutral stimulus to create a second CS c) Using multiple UCS to strengthen a conditioned response d) Discriminating between different conditioned stimuli
b) Pairing a CS with a new neutral stimulus to create a second CS
What is identified as the biggest problem when people and wildlife come into contact near natural environments? a) Habitat destruction b) Feeding wild animals c) Poaching d) Water pollution
b) Feeding wild animals
What is NOT a criticism of the original triadic dog experiments? a) Possibility of instrumental response b) Results could be due to unpredictability c) Too much focus on neurochemical explanations d) All dogs showed learned helplessness
d) All dogs showed learned helplessness
What is observational learning? a) Learning through direct reinforcement b) Learning influenced by observation of others c) Learning through habituation d) Learning influenced by punishment
b) Learning influenced by observation of others
What is one characteristic of the Laetoli footprints that suggests bipedalism? a) Claw marks b) Opposable toes c) Convergent toe and well-developed arches d) Lack of footprints
c) Convergent toe and well-developed arches
What is one example of instinctive drift in animals? a) Birds learning to fly b) Fish swimming in schools c) Pigs depositing coins in a piggy bank d) Wolves hunting in packs
c) Pigs depositing coins in a piggy bank
What is one of the main goals of enrichment in zoos? a) To increase visitor engagement b) To provide animals with species-typical environments c) To train animals for performances d) To make cleaning enclosures easier
b) To provide animals with species-typical environments
What is one of the main goals of using ecological learning theory in animal welfare applications? a) Increasing animal aggression b) Minimizing human-animal conflict c) Reducing animal activity d) Enhancing animal exploitation
b) Minimizing human-animal conflict
What is one of the research topics within comparative cognition? a) Cell biology b) Geographical mapping c) Decision-making d) Political science
c) Decision-making
What is one potential consequence of unsustainable human behaviour? a) Decreased levels of pollution b) Increased biodiversity c) Depletion of natural resources d) Improved wildlife habitats
c) Depletion of natural resources
What is one way to teach adults and children how to understand dog behaviour and interact safely with domestic animals? a) Encourage aggressive behaviour b) Avoid interaction with dogs altogether c) Provide training on dog body language and communication cues d) Use punishment-based methods for behaviour correction
c) Provide training on dog body language and communication cues
What is shaping by successive approximations? a) Reinforcing the final desired behaviour immediately b) Suppressing all undesired behaviours c) Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behaviour d) Using punishment to decrease unwanted behaviour
c) Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behaviour
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning? a) The process of learning a new conditioned response b) The return of an extinguished conditioned response c) The weakening of a conditioned response d) The generalization of a conditioned response
b) The return of an extinguished conditioned response
What is stereotypic behaviour in zoo animals? a) Normal species-specific behaviour b) A repetitive invariant behaviour indicating compromised well-being c) Behaviour learned from enrichment activities d) Social interactions with other animals
b) A repetitive invariant behaviour indicating compromised well-being
What is the ‘three-term contingency’ in operant conditioning? a) A sequence of three different reinforcements b) The relationship between stimulus response and reinforcement c) Three types of punishments d) Three levels of behaviour modification
b) The relationship between stimulus response and reinforcement
What is the average daily activity budget for bonobos at Lomako? a) 20% Feeding b) 31.9% Resting c) 50% Travel d) 6.3% Interacting with others
b) 31.9% Resting
What is the average party size of bonobos? a) 10-15 individuals b) 35-40 individuals c) 6-35 individuals d) 1-5 individuals
c) 6-35 individuals
What is the CR in classical conditioning? a) Conditioned Response b) Controlled Reaction c) Conditioned Reflex d) Conditioned Reaction
a) Conditioned Response
What is the Depressive Realism Hypothesis? a) Depressed people have distorted views of reality b) Depressed people are more realistic in their judgments c) Depressed people see the world through rose-tinted glasses d) Depressed people avoid making any judgments
b) Depressed people are more realistic in their judgments
What is the distinguishing feature of Central chimpanzees? a) Pink faces b) Black faces c) Fuller sideburns d) Arched brow ridges
a) Pink faces
What is the distinguishing feature of Mountain gorillas? a) Jet black color b) Grey-white hair on the back and flanks c) Figure-8-shaped faces d) Longer beards
b) Grey-white hair on the back and flanks
What is the distinguishing feature of Sumatran orangutans? a) Longer faces b) Oval faces c) Broader faces d) Shorter body hair
a) Longer faces
What is the Echo Location Visualization & Interface System (ELVIS) used for? a) Testing human cognition b) Studying problem-solving in dolphins c) Observing monkey behaviour d) Teaching dolphins to recognize shapes
b) Studying problem-solving in dolphins
What is the final step in shaping by successive approximations? a) Reinforce the starting response b) Specify target or goal behaviour c) Identify a response to use as a starting point d) Require closer approximations to the desired response until it occurs
a) Reinforce the starting response
What is the first component necessary for successful modelling according to Bandura’s social learning theory? a) Retention b) Attention c) Motivation d) Motor reproduction
b) Attention
What is the first of Tinbergen’s four determinants of behaviour? a) Causation b) Function c) Ontogeny d) Phylogeny
b) Function
What is the first step in shaping by successive approximations? a) Reinforce the starting response b) Specify target or goal behaviour c) Identify a response to use as a starting point d) Require closer approximations to the desired response
b) Specify target or goal behaviour
What is the first step in training Maremma dogs to protect bandicoots? a) Feeding the bandicoots b) Habituating the dogs to a toy bandicoot c) Building a shelter for the dogs d) Training the bandicoots to avoid predators
b) Habituating the dogs to a toy bandicoot
What is the focus of non-invasive behavioural studies in zoos? a) Increasing zoo revenues b) Improving well-being of captive animals c) Training animals for performances d) Reducing visitor interaction
b) Improving well-being of captive animals
What is the focus of the ‘fairness’ or reciprocity test designed by Brosnan and de Waal? a) Problem-solving ability in capuchin monkeys b) Memory retention in capuchin monkeys c) Perception of fairness in capuchin monkeys d) Cooperation among capuchin monkeys
c) Perception of fairness in capuchin monkeys
What is the function of the human digestive system? a) To circulate glucose in the blood b) To regulate body temperature c) To break down food into smaller molecules for cellular use d) To produce insulin for energy storage
c) To break down food into smaller molecules for cellular use
What is the key concept of “Learned Optimism” by Seligman? a) Developing a pessimistic attributional style b) Focusing on negative experiences c) Cultivating a positive attributional style d) Ignoring life’s challenges
c) Cultivating a positive attributional style
What is the main challenge associated with using aversive stimuli for animal control? a) Animals become habituated to the stimuli. b) Aversive stimuli are ineffective. c) Animals develop an attraction to the stimuli. d) Stimuli induce aggressive behaviour in animals.
a) Animals become habituated to the stimuli.
What is the main characteristic of anorexia nervosa? a) Extreme weight gain b) Refusal to eat enough food c) Binge eating followed by purging d) Consistent and healthy eating habits
b) Refusal to eat enough food
What is the main difference in behaviour between bonobos and chimpanzees? a) Degree of male-male association b) Territorial behaviour c) Hunting frequency d) Female bonding
d) Female bonding
What is the main purpose of alarm calls in vervet monkeys? a) To attract predators b) To communicate with humans c) To warn other monkeys of nearby predators d) To signal mating behaviour
c) To warn other monkeys of nearby predators
What is the main reason proposed for the difference in social structure between bonobos and chimpanzees? a) Female choice in mating b) Male dominance hierarchy c) Availability of food resources d) Territorial aggression
a) Female choice in mating
What is the main signal to stop eating? a) Decrease in blood glucose levels b) Hunger pangs c) Distention of the stomach d) Release of insulin
c) Distention of the stomach
What is the main source of heat for endotherms? a) Environment b) Sunlight c) Metabolic activity d) Insulation
c) Metabolic activity
What is the measure of relative size based on mass and height used to indicate whether a person is underweight overweight or obese? a) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) b) Body fat percentage c) Body mass index (BMI) d) Waist-to-hip ratio
c) Body mass index (BMI)
What is the narrow range of ambient conditions where heat gain equals heat loss in animals? a) Poikilothermic zone b) Thermoneutral zone c) Hibernation zone d) Torpor zone
b) Thermoneutral zone
What is the primary behaviour observed in bonobo parties? a) Aggressive fighting b) Feeding competition c) Social grooming d) Playful interactions
d) Playful interactions
What is the primary cooling mechanism used by animals to prevent overheating? a) Vasoconstriction b) Sweating c) Shivering d) Behavioural adjustments
b) Sweating
What is the primary defining characteristic of hominids? a) Large ears b) Bipedalism c) Opposable thumbs d) Flexible tails
b) Bipedalism
What is the primary diet of bonobos at Wamba? a) Snakes and insects b) Terrestrial herbaceous vegetation c) Fruits and small mammals d) Leaves and bark
c) Fruits and small mammals
What is the primary diet of chimpanzees? a) Meat only b) Fruits only c) Vegetables only d) Mainly fruits especially figs
d) Mainly fruits especially figs
What is the primary distinguishing feature of Western chimpanzees? a) Black faces b) Pink faces c) Long hanging sideburns d) Full rounded white chin beard
d) Full rounded white chin beard
What is the primary factor contributing to the decline in chimpanzee populations? a) Loss of habitat b) Climate change c) Predation d) Disease outbreaks
a) Loss of habitat
What is the primary factor influencing instinctive drift? a) Genetic inheritance b) Environmental stimuli c) Learned behaviours d) Innate response tendencies
d) Innate response tendencies
What is the primary focus of non-invasive behavioural studies in zoos? a) Training animals for shows b) Improving well-being of captive animals c) Increasing zoo profits d) Designing new enclosures
b) Improving well-being of captive animals
What is the primary focus of the principles of Learning Theory regarding human-wildlife interactions? a) Genetic analysis b) Behaviour modification c) Habitat conservation d) Animal welfare
b) Behaviour modification
What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms? a) Energy production b) Structural support c) Genetic information storage d) Waste elimination
c) Genetic information storage
What is the primary function of the digestive system? a) Production of hormones b) Transport of nutrients to cells c) Regulation of body temperature d) Maintenance of bone health
b) Transport of nutrients to cells
What is the primary goal of zoo visitor research? a) To train animals for performances b) To increase visitor spending in gift shops c) To understand and enhance visitor experiences d) To reduce the cost of zoo operations
c) To understand and enhance visitor experiences
What is the primary mechanism for phylogenetic change? a) Environmental adaptation b) Natural selection c) Individual learning d) Genetic inheritance
d) Genetic inheritance
What is the primary method of heat loss in animals? a) Shivering b) Radiation c) Vasoconstriction d) Insulation
b) Radiation
What is the primary method of heat production in endotherms? a) Countercurrent heat exchange b) Metabolic activity c) Behavioural thermoregulation d) Insulation
b) Metabolic activity
What is the primary method of identifying similarities and differences between human chimpanzee and gorilla genomes? a) Blood chemistry analysis b) Genome sequencing c) Behavioural observation d) Microscopic examination
b) Genome sequencing
What is the primary method of preventing overheating in animals? a) Shivering b) Vasoconstriction c) Vasodilation d) Sweating
c) Vasodilation
What is the primary purpose of the vocalizations used by bonobos? a) Attracting mates b) Marking territory c) Resolving conflicts d) Warning of danger
c) Resolving conflicts
What is the primary reason bonobos are famous? a) For their aggressive behaviour b) For their tool usage c) For their sexual behaviours d) For their territorial defense
c) For their sexual behaviours
What is the primary reason for the absence of communal warfare among bonobos? a) Female coalition against males b) Male dominance hierarchy c) Avoidance of neighboring communities d) Lack of territorial aggression
c) Avoidance of neighboring communities
What is the primary reason for the decline in orangutan populations? a) Disease outbreaks b) Climate change c) Loss of habitat d) Predation
c) Loss of habitat
What is the primary screening tool used to indicate whether a person is underweight overweight or obese? a) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) b) Body fat percentage c) Body mass index (BMI) d) Waist-to-hip ratio
c) Body mass index (BMI)
What is the primary source of energy for body tissues? a) Insulin b) Glucose c) Leptin d) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
b) Glucose
What is the primary source of heat for poikilotherms? a) Sunlight b) Environment c) Metabolic activity d) Insulation
b) Environment
What is the purpose of an enclosure diagram in zoo research? a) To plan the layout of new enclosures b) To investigate how animals use their enclosure or space c) To schedule feeding times d) To record the sounds made by animals
b) To investigate how animals use their enclosure or space
What is the purpose of having a compatible companion nearby during potentially distressing experimental situations? a) To provide food b) To serve as a psychological support c) To assist with physical tasks d) To monitor the animal’s health
b) To serve as a psychological support
What is the purpose of tracking studies in zoos? a) To identify who the visitors are b) To monitor the movements and activities of visitors inside the zoo c) To measure changes in visitor knowledge d) To analyze the impact of specific campaigns
b) To monitor the movements and activities of visitors inside the zoo
What is the reaction of the capuchin monkey when it receives a cucumber in the ‘fairness’ test? a) It shows no reaction b) It gets upset c) It becomes aggressive d) It refuses to eat
b) It gets upset
What is the response called that is naturally elicited by the UCS? a) Conditioned Response b) Neutral Response c) Unconditioned Response d) Stimulus Response
c) Unconditioned Response
What is the second component necessary for successful modelling? a) Retention b) Attention c) Motivation d) Motor reproduction
a) Retention
What is the second step in shaping by successive approximations? a) Reinforce the starting response b) Specify target or goal behaviour c) Identify a response to use as a starting point d) Require closer approximations to the desired response
c) Identify a response to use as a starting point
What is the significance of the Nariokotome Boy fossil? a) It represents the first evidence of stone tool use. b) It is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. c) It provides evidence of early burial rituals. d) It shows convergent toe and well-developed arches.
b) It is the most complete early human skeleton ever found.
What is the significance of the stone tools found at sites like Olduvai Gorge and Lake Turkana? a) They suggest early hominids were primarily herbivores. b) They indicate a reliance on fire for cooking. c) They demonstrate an ability to manipulate and process resources. d) They show evidence of religious rituals.
c) They demonstrate an ability to manipulate and process resources.
What is the third component necessary for successful modelling? a) Retention b) Attention c) Motivation d) Motor reproduction
d) Motor reproduction
What is the third step in shaping by successive approximations? a) Reinforce the starting response b) Specify target or goal behaviour c) Identify a response to use as a starting point d) Require closer approximations to the desired response
a) Reinforce the starting response
What is the typical copulation frequency of adolescent female bonobos during maximal swelling? a) 0.69 times per hour b) 0.31 times per hour c) 0.13 times per hour d) 1 time per hour
a) 0.69 times per hour
What is the typical proportion of parties containing all ages and sexes in bonobos? a) 50% b) 75% c) 96% d) 100%
c) 96%
What is vicarious reinforcement? a) Direct reinforcement for a behaviour b) Reinforcement through observing others being rewarded c) Punishment for a behaviour d) Learning without any reinforcement
b) Reinforcement through observing others being rewarded
What kind of stimuli might animals become habituated to reducing its effectiveness in non-lethal animal control? a) Pleasant stimuli b) Aversive stimuli c) Natural stimuli d) Uncontrollable stimuli
b) Aversive stimuli
What methodological revolution did Jeanne Altmann initiate in 1974? a) The use of purely observational techniques b) The shift to standardized statistically analyzable methods c) The focus on individual interesting behaviours d) The abandonment of field studies
b) The shift to standardized statistically analyzable methods
What might a regression analysis be used for in visitor studies? a) Predicting future visitor behaviour based on various factors b) Comparing differences within individuals c) Measuring visitor demographics d) Describing visitor emotions
a) Predicting future visitor behaviour based on various factors
What organ controls heat homeostasis in animals? a) Heart b) Lungs c) Liver d) Hypothalamus
d) Hypothalamus
What percentage of colobus in Gombe’s range are killed by chimpanzees annually? a) 5-10% b) 15-35% c) 40-50% d) 60-75%
b) 15-35%
What percentage of energy is used for maintaining homeothermy in animals? a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%
c) 75%
What percentage of the genome suggests that gorillas are closer to humans or chimpanzees? a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40%
c) 30%
What physiological change occurs with weight loss? a) Increase in basal metabolic rate b) Increase in fat cell production c) Decline in basal metabolic rate d) Increase in leptin production
c) Decline in basal metabolic rate
What potential issue can arise from using a siren as an aversive stimulus in a farmyard? a) It may scare away all wildlife b) It could serve as a discriminative stimulus for reinforcement c) It might be too quiet to be effective d) It can break down easily
b) It could serve as a discriminative stimulus for reinforcement
What represents the ambient conditions where heat gain equals heat loss in naked humans? a) Hypothermic zone b) Thermoneutral zone c) Hyperthermic zone d) Torpid zone
b) Thermoneutral zone
What reward do capuchin monkeys receive in the ‘fairness’ test? a) Cucumber b) Grape c) Banana d) Peanut
a) Cucumber
What role do zoo keepers play in zoo research? a) They conduct a large proportion of zoo research b) They have no involvement in research activities c) They only feed and clean the animals d) They manage visitor interactions
a) They conduct a large proportion of zoo research
What role does heredity play in learning ability? a) It is the sole determinant of learning capacity. b) It has no influence on learning ability. c) It contributes to differences within and between species. d) It is negligible compared to environmental factors.
c) It contributes to differences within and between species.
What sets limits on what an individual or species can learn? a) Genetic makeup b) Physical characteristics c) Environmental factors d) Social interactions
b) Physical characteristics
What significant improvements began in zoos around the 1950s? a) Reduction in the number of species kept b) Introduction of virtual animal exhibits c) More naturalistic enclosures and focus on animal welfare d) Decreased public access to zoos
c) More naturalistic enclosures and focus on animal welfare
What task was the crow 007 given to solve in the experiment? a) Building a nest b) Solving a maze c) Completing an 8-step puzzle d) Identifying shapes
c) Completing an 8-step puzzle
What term describes a cluster of genetic and environmental factors determining a person’s weight range? a) Genetic predisposition b) Environmental equilibrium c) Settling point d) Weight fluctuation
c) Settling point
What term refers to the cluster of genetic and environmental factors that cause a person’s weight to settle within a given range? a) Body mass index b) Basal metabolic rate c) Settling point d) Thermoneutral zone
c) Settling point
What term refers to the discrimination faced by individuals who are overweight or obese? a) Body shaming b) Weight discrimination c) Fatphobia d) Obesism
b) Weight discrimination
What tool provides a quantitative representation of the proportion of time an animal spends engaged in different behaviours? a) Ethogram b) Enclosure diagram c) Published Activity Budget d) Behaviour checklist
c) Published Activity Budget
What type of animal activity occurs during the daytime? a) Nocturnal b) Diurnal c) Crepuscular d) Cathemeral
b) Diurnal
What type of dog is used in Namibia to protect livestock herds from cheetahs? a) Golden Retriever b) Beagle c) Livestock guardian dog d) Border Collie
c) Livestock guardian dog
What type of enrichment focuses on the interactions of zoo animals with other animals or people? a) Physical enrichment b) Social enrichment c) Sensory enrichment d) Cognitive enrichment
b) Social enrichment
What type of enrichment includes problem-solving tasks for animals? a) Physical enrichment b) Sensory enrichment c) Social enrichment d) Cognitive enrichment
d) Cognitive enrichment
What type of enrichment would involve changing the type and delivery of food? a) Sensory enrichment b) Physical enrichment c) Cognitive enrichment d) Food-based enrichment
d) Food-based enrichment
What type of fear is characterized by being excessive and irrational? a) Normal fear b) Conditioned fear c) Phobia d) Anxiety
c) Phobia
What type of fossil evidence is commonly used to study the evolutionary origins of hominids? a) Feather imprints b) Footprints c) Tail imprints d) Shell fragments
b) Footprints
What type of interactions can lead to problems between humans and wild animals? a) Cooperative hunting b) Habitat restoration c) Mutualistic relationships d) Conflicts over resources
b) Habitat restoration
What type of learning did Tinbergen and Perdeck’s (1950) experiment with herring gull chicks demonstrate? a) Imprinting b) Associative learning c) Insight learning d) Observational learning
b) Associative learning
What type of learning involves associating a stimulus with a response? a) Habituation b) Insight learning c) Associative learning d) Observational learning
c) Associative learning
What type of learning involves not responding to repeated stimuli? a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Habituation d) Imprinting
c) Habituation
What type of learning theory is applied in training hero rats to detect landmines? a) Operant conditioning b) Classical conditioning c) Social learning theory d) Observational learning
a) Operant conditioning
What type of study design involves surveying the same visitors multiple times? a) Between groups design b) Experimental design c) Within groups design d) One-off survey
c) Within groups design
What type of visitor experience can involve feeding or enriching animals? a) Behind-the-scenes tours b) Touch tables c) Animal feeding/enrichment/training d) Keeper talks
c) Animal feeding/enrichment/training
What was a key result of the dog experiments regarding the shuttle box phase? a) Group 1 showed interference b) Group 2 showed normal learning c) Group 2 showed interference d) Group 3 failed to learn
c) Group 2 showed interference
What was a major problem with the human helplessness experiments by Hiroto and Seligman? a) They did not use yoking b) Confounded uncontrollability and failure c) Participants were not informed d) Experiments were conducted on children
b) Confounded uncontrollability and failure
What was one of the major findings of the Chimpanzee Genome Project regarding genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees? a) Humans have more genes related to olfaction than chimpanzees. b) Chimpanzees are more prone to insulin resistance than humans. c) Humans have a mutated caspase-12 gene associated with Alzheimer’s disease. d) Chimpanzees have a mutated APOL1 gene associated with susceptibility to sleeping sickness.
a) Humans have more genes related to olfaction than chimpanzees.
What was the primary focus of zoos historically? a) Conservation b) Education c) Visitor entertainment d) Research
c) Visitor entertainment
What was the primary purpose of the earliest hominid tools? a) Cooking food b) Defense against predators c) Scavenging and processing meat d) Building shelters
c) Scavenging and processing meat
What was the revised theory of learned helplessness proposed in 1978 based on? a) Neurochemical responses b) Attributional dimensions c) Physical conditioning d) Social influences
b) Attributional dimensions
What were the three groups in the triadic design of the original dog experiments? a) Escapable shock inescapable shock no treatment b) Escapable shock mild shock no shock c) Controllable shock uncontrollable shock predictable shock d) High shock low shock no shock
a) Escapable shock inescapable shock no treatment
When did the first members of the Homo clade with relatively large brains appear in Africa? a) 5 million years ago b) 4 million years ago c) 3 million years ago d) 2 million years ago
d) 2 million years ago
When did zoos start becoming more accessible to the general public? a) 1500s b) 1700s c) 1900s d) 2000s
c) 1900s
Where are bonobos exclusively found? a) Madagascar b) Congo c) Brazil d) Indonesia
b) Congo
Which area of the brain controls hunger and satiety signals? a) Cerebellum b) Medulla oblongata c) Hypothalamus d) Cerebral cortex
c) Hypothalamus
Which attributional style is linked to a depressive outlook according to the revised learned helplessness theory? a) Internal stable global for good outcomes b) External unstable specific for bad outcomes c) Internal stable global for bad outcomes d) External stable global for good outcomes
c) Ecological learning theory
Which behaviour involves chimpanzees using sticks to probe for wood-boring bees and insects under the bark of fallen trees? a) Termite fishing b) Algae fishing c) Fishing for nuts d) Tool-use for insect hunting
d) Tool-use for insect hunting
Which behaviour involves two female bonobos rubbing their clitoris tips together? a) Genito-genital rubbing (GG rubbing) b) Aggressive mating c) Social grooming d) Food-sharing ritual
a) Genito-genital rubbing (GG rubbing)
Which behaviour is characteristic of bonobo aggression? a) Formation of male-male coalitions for defense b) Tool use for hunting and territorial defense c) Charging displays involving branch-dragging d) Female dominance over males in aggressive encounters
c) Charging displays involving branch-dragging
Which behaviour is observed during the rainy season regarding termite consumption? a) Termite consumption decreases b) Termite consumption increases c) Termite consumption remains the same d) Termite consumption stops entirely
b) Termite consumption increases
Which brain region controls eating and other body maintenance functions? a) Cerebellum b) Amygdala c) Hypothalamus d) Hippocampus
c) Hypothalamus
Which category of enrichment involves changes to the structural environment or provision of objects to manipulate? a) Food-based enrichment b) Physical enrichment c) Sensory enrichment d) Cognitive enrichment
b) Physical enrichment
Which category of enrichment stimulates the senses of zoo animals? a) Physical enrichment b) Food-based enrichment c) Sensory enrichment d) Social enrichment
c) Sensory enrichment
Which characteristic of humans and gorillas suggests a closer evolutionary relationship? a) Ear shape b) Body size c) Hair color d) Eye color
a) Ear shape
Which component of social learning involves having a reason to display the modelled response? a) Attention b) Retention c) Motor reproduction d) Motivation
d) Motivation
Which component of social learning involves remembering the elements of the modelled response? a) Attention b) Retention c) Motor reproduction d) Motivation
b) Retention
Which component of social learning involves the ability to carry out the modelled response? a) Attention b) Retention c) Motor reproduction d) Motivation
c) Motor reproduction
Which component of social learning requires focusing on the modelled response? a) Attention b) Retention c) Motor reproduction d) Motivation
a) Attention
Which condition results from body temperature being too high? a) Hypothermia b) Heat exhaustion c) Heat stroke d) Malignant hyperthermia
c) Heat stroke
Which determinant of behaviour involves the mechanisms enabling the behaviour to be performed? a) Function b) Causation c) Ontogeny d) Phylogeny
b) Causation
Which determinant of behaviour looks at how the behaviour develops in an individual? a) Function b) Causation c) Ontogeny d) Phylogeny
c) Ontogeny
Which dimension is NOT part of the revised theory of learned helplessness? a) Internal External b) Stable Unstable c) Global Specific d) Physical Psychological
d) Physical Psychological
Which environments should incorporate enrichment based on behaviour and ecology for animals? a) Laboratories only b) Zoos only c) Sanctuaries only d) All captive environments
d) All captive environments
Which evolutionary trait developed first in hominids according to the fossil evidence? a) Bipedalism b) Increased brain size c) Use of tools d) Opposable thumbs
a) Bipedalism
Which factor influences hunger and eating behaviour beyond biological needs? a) Social eating trends b) Blood glucose levels c) Insulin secretion d) Metabolic rate
a) Social eating trends
Which factor is NOT commonly considered when analyzing visitor behaviour post-visit? a) Opportunity to perform a behaviour b) Socio-demographics c) Animal visibility during the visit d) Feelings of connectivity to nature
c) Animal visibility during the visit
Which field study site is known for its non-provisioned research on bonobos? a) Wamba b) Lukuru c) TL2 d) Lomako
d) Lomako
Which great ape species is more closely related to humans than to other great apes? a) Gorillas b) Orangutans c) Bonobos d) Chimpanzees
d) Chimpanzees
Which great ape species is restricted to the south of the Congo River? a) Gorillas b) Orangutans c) Bonobos d) Chimpanzees
c) Bonobos
Which hominid species is associated with using stone tools and may have lived at the same time as our ancestors? a) Australopithecus afarensis b) Homo habilis c) Homo erectus d) Homo naledi
c) Homo erectus
Which hominid species is known for systematic brutalization of females particularly during adolescence? a) Orangutans b) Gorillas c) Chimpanzees d) Bonobos
c) Chimpanzees
Which hominid species is known for using stone tools and is sometimes referred to as “Handyman” or “Toolmaker”? a) Homo habilis b) Homo erectus c) Australopithecus afarensis d) Homo naledi
a) Homo habilis
Which hormone is produced by fat cells and plays a role in appetite regulation? a) Insulin b) Glucagon c) Leptin d) Ghrelin
c) Leptin
Which hormone limits meal size by partially distending the duodenum? a) Insulin b) Glucagon c) Cholecystokinin (CCK) d) Leptin
c) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which hypothesis for the origin of bipedalism suggests that it was influenced by the need to carry food? a) Postural feeding hypothesis b) Behavioural hypothesis c) Thermoregulatory hypothesis d) Dietary hypothesis
b) Behavioural hypothesis
Which is NOT one of the three deficits produced by uncontrollable outcomes according to the original theory? a) Cognitive deficit b) Motivational deficit c) Emotional deficit d) Social deficit
d) Social deficit
Which mating strategy involves a dominant male preventing other males from mating with estrous females? a) Promiscuity b) Possessiveness c) Consortship d) Extra-community mating
b) Possessiveness
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between humans chimpanzees and gorillas based on genetic similarity? a) Humans are more closely related to gorillas than to chimpanzees. b) Chimpanzees are more closely related to gorillas than to humans. c) Gorillas are equidistantly related to both humans and chimpanzees. d) Humans and chimpanzees share a closer genetic relationship than either does with gorillas.
d) Humans and chimpanzees share a closer genetic relationship than either does with gorillas.
Which of the following behaviours is NOT characteristic of bonobos compared to chimpanzees? a) Squatting when resting b) Shriller calls resembling bird sounds c) Aggressive temperament d) Female genitalia detumescence during the sexual cycle
c) Aggressive temperament
Which of the following is a feeding strategy observed in bears during hibernation? a) Eating small meals frequently b) Eating only when necessary c) Consuming huge feasts and then periods of starvation d) Storing fat excessively
c) Consuming huge feasts and then periods of starvation
Which of the following is a non-lethal method to protect livestock from predators? a) Poisoning predators b) Trapping and relocating predators c) Using animal armor and guardian dogs d) Shooting predators
c) Using animal armor and guardian dogs
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response in advertising? a) Neutral response to a product b) Pleasant emotional response to a beautiful person c) Unpleasant emotional response to a loud noise d) Pleasant emotional response to a product
d) Pleasant emotional response to a product
Which of the following is an example of a UCS? a) Bell b) Metronome c) Meat d) Flash of light
c) Meat
Which of the following is an example of stereotypic behaviour? a) Eating b) Sleeping c) Pacing d) Playing
c) Pacing
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using behavioural measures in zoo research? a) Easy to implement b) Inexpensive c) Invasive d) Non-invasive
c) Invasive
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using livestock guardian dogs? a) Reducing the need for lethal control methods b) Increasing livestock productivity c) Promoting peaceful coexistence between humans and wildlife d) Attracting more predators to the area
d) Attracting more predators to the area
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bonobo nesting behaviour? a) Construction of nests mainly at ground level b) Selectivity in choosing nesting trees c) Variation in construction time for day and night nests d) Preference for bokumbo trees for night nests
a) Construction of nests mainly at ground level
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bonobo sexual behaviour? a) Female solicitation of copulation b) Male-female dominance hierarchy c) Female-female genital rubbing d) Adolescent sexual activity
b) Male-female dominance hierarchy
Which of the following is NOT a component of theory of mind? a) Memory b) Intention c) Self-awareness d) Beliefs
a) Memory
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of prenatal exposure to neurotoxins? a) Lead poisoning b) Impaired neurological development c) Enhanced learning ability d) Cognitive deficits
c) Enhanced learning ability
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of Eastern gorillas? a) Jet black color b) Grey-white hair on the back and flanks c) Silverback designation for adult males d) Long bony palate
d) Long bony palate
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to individual differences in learning ability? a) Genetic makeup b) Environmental factors c) Social interactions d) Cultural background
d) Cultural background
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing human eating behaviour? a) Taste preferences b) Social eating c) Seasonal changes d) Memories of last meal
d) Memories of last meal
Which of the following is NOT a focus of positive psychology according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi? a) Happiness b) Fulfillment c) Negative emotions d) Positive experiences
c) Negative emotions
Which of the following is NOT a method of behavioural thermoregulation? a) Shivering b) Posture c) Orientation d) Microclimate selection
a) Shivering
Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing overheating in animals? a) Sweating b) Vasoconstriction c) Evaporation of water d) Behavioural adjustments
d) Behavioural adjustments
Which of the following is NOT a principle of Learning Theory relevant to human-domestic dog interactions? a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Habituation d) Kin selection
d) Kin selection
Which of the following is NOT a question researchers aim to answer through zoo behavioural studies? a) Why do animals behave the way they do? b) How can we improve their welfare and well-being? c) How do animals acquire resources and avoid danger? d) How can we train animals for circus acts?
d) How can we train animals for circus acts?
Which of the following is NOT a type of eating disorder mentioned in the text? a) Obesity b) Anorexia nervosa c) Bulimia nervosa d) Insomnia
d) Insomnia
Which of the following is NOT a way zoo visitors can influence animals? a) Noise b) Numbers c) Smell d) Harm
c) Smell
Which of the following is NOT listed as a health risk associated with obesity? a) Diabetes b) Arthritis c) Osteoporosis d) Heart disease
c) Osteoporosis
Which of the following psychiatric disorders is NOT related to the brain’s fear system? a) Phobias b) Panic attacks c) Bipolar disorder d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
c) Bipolar disorder
Which of the following terms is NOT associated with the field of comparative cognition? a) Memory b) Beliefs c) Economics d) Problem-solving
c) Economics
Which of Tinbergen’s determinants focuses on how behaviour contributes to survival and reproductive success? a) Function b) Causation c) Ontogeny d) Phylogeny
a) Function
Which organ regulates anabolic cell activities and glucose uptake in cells? a) Pancreas b) Liver c) Hypothalamus d) Kidney
a) Pancreas
Which organization declared obesity as having reached epidemic proportions globally? a) United Nations b) World Health Organization (WHO) c) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDc) d) International Obesity Task Force
b) World Health Organization (WHO)
Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for stimulating eating behaviours? a) Lateral hypothalamus b) Ventromedial hypothalamus c) Paraventricular nucleus d) Anterior hypothalamus
a) Lateral hypothalamus
Which physiological center integrates and initiates thermoregulatory responses in animals? a) Cerebellum b) Hypothalamic thermoregulatory center c) Amygdala d) Pituitary gland
b) Hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
Which process involves changes in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual? a) Phylogeny b) Ontogeny c) Adaptation d) Evolution
b) Ontogeny
Which project focused on sequencing the genome of a chimpanzee named Clint? a) Human Genome Project b) Gorilla Genome Project c) Chimpanzee Genome Project d) Bonobo Genome Project
c) Chimpanzee Genome Project
Which psychologist proposed the social learning theory? a) Ivan Pavlov b) B.F. Skinner c) Albert Bandura d) John Watson
c) Albert Bandura
Which reinforcement schedule is associated with a ‘break-and-run’ pattern of responding? a) Fixed-Ratio (FR) b) Variable-Ratio (VR) c) Fixed-Interval (FI) d) Variable-Interval (VI)
a) Fixed-Ratio (FR)
Which reinforcement schedule is associated with a ‘scalloped’ pattern of responding? a) Fixed-Ratio (FR) b) Variable-Ratio (VR) c) Fixed-Interval (FI) d) Variable-Interval (VI)
c) Fixed-Interval (FI)
Which reinforcement schedule results in a high/rapid rate of response with no regular pausing? a) Fixed-Ratio (FR) b) Variable-Ratio (VR) c) Fixed-Interval (FI) d) Variable-Interval (VI)
b) Variable-Ratio (VR)
Which reinforcement schedule results in moderate to low response with no/rare post-reinforcement pauses? a) Fixed-Ratio (FR) b) Variable-Ratio (VR) c) Fixed-Interval (FI) d) Variable-Interval (VI)
d) Variable-Interval (VI)
Which river bank is the exclusive home to bonobos? a) Left bank b) Right bank c) East bank d) West bank
a) Left bank
Which species are Maremma dogs specifically trained to protect in the Zoos Victoria program? a) Penguins b) Kangaroos c) Bandicoots d) Koalas
c) Bandicoots
Which statement about obesity is true? a) Obesity is primarily caused by a lack of leptin production. b) Weight loss leads to a decrease in the number of fat-storage cells. c) Obesity is more common among individuals who watch less television. d) Obesity poses minimal health risks.
b) Weight loss leads to a decrease in the number of fat-storage cells.
Which statistical method is NOT commonly used in zoo visitor research? a) Descriptive statistics b) t-tests c) ANOVAs d) Genetic sequencing
d) Genetic sequencing
Which substances can interfere with neurological development during prenatal exposure? a) Alcohol and drugs b) Nutritional supplements c) Vitamins and minerals d) Herbal remedies
a) Alcohol and drugs
Which term describes an organism that maintains a constant internal temperature irrespective of ambient temperature? a) Poikilotherm b) Ectotherm c) Homeotherm d) Thermoneutral
c) Homeotherm
Which term describes the behaviour of Oliver a chimpanzee exhibiting human-like characteristics? a) Primate mimicry b) Humanization c) Anthromorphism d) Chimp-human interaction
c) Anthromorphism
Which term refers to reduced metabolic activity and body temperature for less than a day? a) Hibernation b) Estivation c) Torpor d) Crepuscular activity
c) Torpor
Which type of behaviour might indicate that an animal is attempting to cope with a suboptimal environment? a) Feeding b) Resting c) Stereotypic behaviour d) Grooming
c) Stereotypic behaviour
Which type of conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus? a) Operant conditioning b) Habituation c) Classical conditioning d) Instrumental conditioning
c) Classical conditioning
Which type of dog has been trained to protect a penguin colony and is now being trained to protect bandicoots? a) Akbash b) Great Pyrenees c) Komondor d) Maremma
d) Maremma
Which type of FAP is more stereotyped and complex? a) Rituals b) Displays c) Reflexes d) Habits
b) Displays
Which visitor attitude is often more favorable after a zoo visit? a) Attitudes towards animals b) Attitudes towards zoo staff c) Attitudes towards entertainment facilities d) Attitudes towards gift shops
a) Attitudes towards animals
Which visitor characteristic might influence whether they engage in pro-conservation behaviours? a) Socio-demographics b) Education level c) Motivation for visit d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Who conducted the problem-solving experiment with a crow named 007? a) Jane Goodall b) Gordon Gallup c) Alex Taylor d) Sarah Brosnan
c) Alex Taylor
Who conducts a large proportion of zoo research? a) Professional researchers only b) Zoo keepers exclusively c) Undergraduate students and volunteers d) External contractors
c) Undergraduate students and volunteers
Who developed the classic test of self-awareness known as the mark and mirror test? a) Jane Goodall b) Gordon Gallup and Beulah Amsterdam c) Dian Fossey d) Konrad Lorenz
b) Gordon Gallup and Beulah Amsterdam
Who discovered the Laetoli hominid trail in Tanzania? a) Louis Leakey b) Mary Leakey c) Johanson & Gray d) Lee Berger
b) Mary Leakey
Who was Saartjie Baartman and what was her fate? a) A scientist who contributed to genetic research b) A South African woman exhibited as a curiosity in Europe c) A leader in the fight against animal cruelty d) A researcher involved in the Human Genome Project
b) A South African woman exhibited as a curiosity in Europe
Who were the famous paleoanthropologists responsible for uncovering hominid fossils at Olduvai Gorge? a) Louis and Mary Leakey b) Johanson and Gray c) Lee Berger and team d) Biruté Galdikas
a) Louis and Mary Leakey
Who were the main researchers involved in the original dog experiments on learned helplessness? a) Bruce Overmier Steven Maier Martin Seligman b) John Watson B.F. Skinner Carl Rogers c) Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler d) Ivan Pavlov Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky
a) Bruce Overmier Steven Maier Martin Seligman
Why are aversive stimuli sometimes ineffective in managing wildlife? a) They are too costly b) They are not strong enough c) Animals learn to ignore them over time d) They only work in the short term
c) Animals learn to ignore them over time
Why can’t chimpanzees learn to speak like humans? a) Lack of cognitive abilities b) Lack of motivation c) Anatomical vocal structures d) Cultural differences
c) Anatomical vocal structures
Why has there been an increase in zoo research over the past few years? a) To increase visitor numbers b) To meet legal requirements in some regions c) To entertain zoo animals d) To reduce operational costs
b) To meet legal requirements in some regions
Why is feeding wild animals considered a significant problem in human-wildlife interactions? a) It leads to habitat destruction b) It can cause dependency and alter natural behaviours c) It increases animal populations d) It reduces biodiversity
b) It can cause dependency and alter natural behaviours
Why is it difficult to design cognitive tests for marine mammals like dolphins? a) They lack self-awareness b) They don’t have hands c) They are not intelligent enough d) They are too aggressive
b) They don’t have hands
Why is it harder to get Ethics approval for studies observing zoo visitors? a) Potential harm to animals b) Invasive nature of observing or filming people c) Cost of the research d) Lack of reliable data
b) Invasive nature of observing or filming people
Why is it important to compare zoo animal behaviour to behaviour in the wild? a) To ensure animals are trained for performances b) To understand normal behaviour and assess well-being c) To increase zoo visitor numbers d) To reduce the costs of zoo maintenance
b) To understand normal behaviour and assess well-being
Why is observing animal behaviour crucial in zoo settings? a) To increase ticket sales b) To understand animal responses to their captive environment c) To determine feeding schedules d) To promote zoo merchandise
b) To understand animal responses to their captive environment
Why is psychology important in zoo research? a) It provides financial support for zoo projects b) It offers insights into how animals think feel and behave c) It helps design enclosures d) It trains zoo staff in animal handling techniques
b) It offers insights into how animals think feel and behave
Why is research in zoos sometimes challenging? a) The animals are not used to humans b) The unique environment of zoos presents specific challenges c) The lack of funding for research d) The difficulty in publishing research findings
b) The unique environment of zoos presents specific challenge
Why is the influence of mass media on behaviour still a controversial subject? a) It has no effect on behaviour b) It always promotes positive behaviour c) It can increase aggressive behaviour d) It only affects children
c) It can increase aggressive behaviour
Why is understanding zoo visitors important for zoos? a) They are the primary source of funding b) They are targets of educational initiatives c) Both A and B d) None of the above
c) Both A and B
