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BIOC 302: Metabolism > ChatGPT Qs > Flashcards

ChatGPT Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defining feature of saturated fatty acids?
a) They have one or more double bonds.
b) They contain conjugated double bonds.
c) They are solid at room temperature due to tightly packed acyl chains.
d) They are amphipathic molecules.

A

c) They are solid at room temperature due to tightly packed acyl chains.

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2
Q

Which of the following best explains why TAGs are well-suited for energy storage?
a) They are hydrated and increase cellular osmolarity.
b) They are hydrophobic and unhydrated, allowing dense storage.
c) They are amphipathic and soluble in water.
d) They contain conjugated double bonds for rapid energy release.

A

b) They are hydrophobic and unhydrated, allowing dense storage.

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3
Q

What distinguishes omega-3 fatty acids from omega-6 fatty acids?
a) The position of the first double bond relative to the methyl end.
b) The length of the hydrocarbon chain.
c) The number of carbons between double bonds.
d) Their solubility in non-polar solvents.

A

a) The position of the first double bond relative to the methyl end.

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of triacylglycerols (TAGs)?
a) Energy storage
b) Insulation
c) Membrane structure
d) Precursor for eicosanoids

A

c) Membrane structure

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5
Q

Which property contributes to the lower melting point of unsaturated fatty acids compared to saturated ones?
a) Their ability to form tightly packed structures.
b) Cis double bonds that introduce kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.
c) The presence of even numbers of carbons in their chain.
d) Their longer hydrocarbon chains.

A

b) Cis double bonds that introduce kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.

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6
Q

How is the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid determined?
a) By identifying the functional groups attached to the chain.
b) By starting at the methyl end and counting carbons to the carboxyl group.
c) By counting carbons from the carboxyl carbon as C1.
d) By counting the number of double bonds present.

A

c) By counting carbons from the carboxyl carbon as C1.

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7
Q

Which fatty acid property is shared by naturally occurring fatty acids?
a) Branched hydrocarbon chains
b) Conjugated double bonds
c) Cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids
d) Odd-numbered carbon chains

A

c) Cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids

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8
Q

What is the primary energy advantage of storing energy as TAGs instead of glycogen?
a) TAGs provide rapid energy release.
b) TAGs can store energy without adding significant weight.
c) TAGs are more easily hydrated, making them denser.
d) TAGs are quickly broken down for immediate use.

A

b) TAGs can store energy without adding significant weight.

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9
Q

What is the naming convention for a fatty acid with 18 carbons and two double bonds located at carbons 9 and 12?
a) 18:2(Δ9,12)
b) 18:2(Δ12,15)
c) 18:2(ω9,12)
d) 18:2(Δ1,9)

A

a) 18:2(Δ9,12)

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10
Q

Which of the following statements about fatty acids is TRUE?
a) The hydrocarbon chain can contain branched carbons.
b) Saturated fatty acids have a lower melting point than unsaturated ones.
c) The carboxyl group is hydrophobic.
d) Naturally occurring fatty acids usually have even-numbered carbon chains.

A

d) Naturally occurring fatty acids usually have even-numbered carbon chains.

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of structural lipids in biological membranes?
A) Amphipathic nature
B) Polar and nonpolar ends
C) Exclusively nonpolar molecules
D) Ability to form bilayers

A

C) Exclusively nonpolar molecules

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12
Q

What is the primary structural difference between glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids?

A) Presence of cholesterol in sphingolipids
B) Glycerol backbone in glycerophospholipids and sphingosine backbone in sphingolipids
C) Absence of fatty acids in sphingolipids
D) Sphingolipids lack a polar head group

A

B) Glycerol backbone in glycerophospholipids and sphingosine backbone in sphingolipids

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13
Q

Which type of head group is characteristic of glycolipids?

A) Phosphate
B) Carbohydrate
C) Hydrocarbon
D) Steroid nucleus

A

B) Carbohydrate

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14
Q

What is the general structure of a sterol?

A) A glycerol backbone with two fatty acids
B) A rigid four-ring system with a hydroxyl group at the third position
C) A sphingosine backbone with a sugar head group
D) A linear hydrocarbon chain

A

B) A rigid four-ring system with a hydroxyl group at the third position

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15
Q

Which of the following lipids is enriched on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and involved in signaling?

A) Cholesterol
B) Phosphatidylinositol
C) Sphingomyelin
D) Gangliosides

A

B) Phosphatidylinositol

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16
Q

Which of the following conditions favors a liquid-ordered state in lipid bilayers?

A) High temperatures
B) High levels of unsaturated fatty acids
C) Low temperatures and long-chain saturated fatty acids
D) Presence of micelles

A

C) Low temperatures and long-chain saturated fatty acids

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17
Q

What is the function of membrane rafts?

A) Increase membrane permeability
B) Facilitate transient segregation of signaling proteins and receptors
C) Distribute lipids asymmetrically across the bilayer
D) Prevent lateral diffusion of lipids

A

B) Facilitate transient segregation of signaling proteins and receptors

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18
Q

Which lipid class is essential for forming the parent compound ceramide?

A) Sterols
B) Glycerophospholipids
C) Sphingolipids
D) Glycolipids

A

C) Sphingolipids

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19
Q

What is the role of phospholipase C in lipid signaling?

A) Synthesizes cholesterol
B) Cleaves PIP2 to generate IP3 and DAG
C) Forms micelles from free fatty acids
D) Converts glycerophospholipids into sphingolipids

A

B) Cleaves PIP2 to generate IP3 and DAG

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20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in biological systems?

A) Energy storage
B) Forming hydrophobic barriers
C) Catalyzing biochemical reactions
D) Signaling

A

B) Forming hydrophobic barriers

21
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of using lipids as fuel molecules?
A. High osmolarity
B. Easily transported in aqueous environments
C. Highly reduced carbon atoms provide dense energy storage
D. Rapid activation without additional processing

A

C. Highly reduced carbon atoms provide dense energy storage

22
Q

What is the primary function of bile salts in lipid absorption?
A. Hydrolyzing TAGs into free fatty acids
B. Emulsifying lipids into micelles
C. Synthesizing chylomicrons in enterocytes
D. Binding to serum albumin for transport

A

B. Emulsifying lipids into micelles

23
Q

During lipid digestion, what is the role of intestinal lipases?
A. Forming TAGs in enterocytes
B. Catalyzing the hydrolysis of TAGs into free FAs and monoacylglycerols
C. Transporting chylomicrons into the bloodstream
D. Activating perilipins on lipid droplets

A

B. Catalyzing the hydrolysis of TAGs into free FAs and monoacylglycerols

24
Q

Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting dietary lipids from the intestine to peripheral tissues?
A. HDL
B. LDL
C. VLDL
D. Chylomicrons

A

D. Chylomicrons

25
Q

Which statement about adipocyte lipid mobilization is correct?
A. Glucagon inhibits the release of fatty acids.
B. Perilipins enhance access to TAGs by restricting lipase action.
C. Hormone-sensitive lipase is activated by phosphorylation.
D. Serum albumin stores free fatty acids in adipocytes.

A

C. Hormone-sensitive lipase is activated by phosphorylation.

26
Q

What triggers the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes?
A. Presence of dietary TAGs
B. Epinephrine or glucagon signaling
C. Formation of chylomicrons
D. HDL-mediated cholesterol transport

A

B. Epinephrine or glucagon signaling

27
Q

Which lipoprotein primarily transports cholesterol to peripheral tissues?
A. HDL
B. LDL
C. VLDL
D. Chylomicrons

A

B. LDL

28
Q

In reverse cholesterol transport, what is the role of HDL?
A. Delivering TAGs to muscle for oxidation
B. Collecting cholesterol from peripheral tissues for transport to the liver
C. Converting TAGs into free FAs and glycerol
D. Binding serum albumin for lipid transport

A

B. Collecting cholesterol from peripheral tissues for transport to the liver

29
Q

What distinguishes VLDL from chylomicrons in lipid transport?
A. VLDL transports dietary lipids, while chylomicrons transport endogenous lipids.
B. VLDL transports lipids synthesized by the liver, while chylomicrons transport dietary lipids.
C. VLDL has a hydrophobic surface, while chylomicrons have a hydrophilic core.
D. VLDL and chylomicrons perform the same function.

A

B. VLDL transports lipids synthesized by the liver, while chylomicrons transport dietary lipids.

30
Q

What enzyme activates fatty acids for catabolism by attaching CoA?

A) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
B) Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
C) Thiolase
D) Enoyl-CoA hydratase

A

B) Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase

31
Q

What is the purpose of attaching a fatty acyl group to carnitine?

A) To increase its solubility in the cytosol
B) To transport it across the inner mitochondrial membrane
C) To activate it for beta-oxidation
D) To reduce it to acetyl-CoA

A

B) To transport it across the inner mitochondrial membrane

32
Q

Which of the following steps generates NADH in beta-oxidation?

A) Oxidation by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
B) Hydration by enoyl-CoA hydratase
C) Oxidation by beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
D) Thiolysis by thiolase

A

C) Oxidation by beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

33
Q

What is the net ATP yield from the complete oxidation of palmitate?

A) 96 ATP
B) 100 ATP
C) 106 ATP
D) 108 ATP

A

C) 106 ATP

34
Q

How does the energy yield from an unsaturated fatty acid differ from that of a saturated fatty acid of the same length?

A) It produces more ATP because fewer steps are required.
B) It produces the same ATP because the oxidation pathway is identical.
C) It produces less ATP because fewer reduced electron carriers are generated.
D) It cannot undergo beta-oxidation.

A

C) It produces less ATP because fewer reduced electron carriers are generated.

35
Q

Which molecule is formed as a final product during the beta-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids?

A) Acetyl-CoA only
B) Propionyl-CoA
C) Succinyl-CoA
D) Both B and C

A

D) Both B and C

36
Q

What distinguishes the beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids in peroxisomes?

A) ATP is generated in higher amounts compared to mitochondrial beta-oxidation.
B) FADH2 reduces molecular oxygen, forming H2O2.
C) NADH is not produced during the process.
D) Carnitine is not required for transport.

A

B) FADH2 reduces molecular oxygen, forming H2O2.

37
Q

What enzyme converts D-methylmalonyl-CoA to L-methylmalonyl-CoA in odd-chain fatty acid oxidation?

A) Thiolase
B) Beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
C) Epimerase
D) Isomerase

A

C) Epimerase

38
Q

What is the function of D3,D2-enoyl-CoA isomerase in unsaturated fatty acid oxidation?

A) To hydrate the double bond
B) To shift the double bond into the correct position and configuration for beta-oxidation
C) To convert cis double bonds into saturated bonds
D) To generate NADH

A

B) To shift the double bond into the correct position and configuration for beta-oxidation

39
Q

Which tissue primarily metabolizes glycerol, and what pathway does it enter?

A) Liver; beta-oxidation
B) Muscle; glycolysis
C) Liver; glycolysis
D) Adipose; gluconeogenesis

A

C) Liver; glycolysis

40
Q

Which molecule is used to synthesize malonyl-CoA during fatty acid synthesis?
A. Pyruvate
B. Acetyl-CoA
C. Palmitate
D. Oxaloacetate

A

B. Acetyl-CoA

41
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA?
A. Fatty acid synthase
B. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
C. Malonyl-CoA dehydrogenase
D. Citrate synthase

A

B. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

42
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytosol
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus

A

B. Cytosol

43
Q

During the fatty acid synthase catalytic cycle, which step involves the use of NADPH?
A. Condensation
B. Reduction of β-keto group
C. Dehydration
D. Translocation

A

B. Reduction of β-keto group

44
Q

What is the product of fatty acid synthase after seven cycles of elongation?
A. Stearate
B. Palmitate
C. Oleate
D. Acetyl-CoA

A

B. Palmitate

45
Q

Which domain of fatty acid synthase catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA?
A. Thioesterase (TE)
B. β-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS)
C. Enoyl-ACP reductase (ER)
D. Malonyl/acetyl-CoA-ACP transferase (MAT)

A

B. β-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS)

46
Q

What is the main source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in the liver?
A. Oxidation of fatty acids
B. Glycolysis-derived pyruvate
C. Protein degradation
D. Dietary fatty acids

A

B. Glycolysis-derived pyruvate

47
Q

Which fatty acids are considered essential because humans lack the enzymes to synthesize them?
A. Palmitate and oleate
B. Linoleate and α-linolenate
C. Arachidonate and palmitoleate
D. Stearate and linoleate

A

B. Linoleate and α-linolenate

48
Q

What is the role of phospholipase A2 in eicosanoid synthesis?
A. Synthesizing malonyl-CoA
B. Hydrolyzing ester bonds to release arachidonic acid
C. Reducing NADPH to NADP+
D. Oxidizing arachidonic acid to prostaglandins

A

B. Hydrolyzing ester bonds to release arachidonic acid

49
Q

Why is aspirin effective in reducing inflammation and pain?
A. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by blocking COX enzymes irreversibly.
B. It increases arachidonic acid production.
C. It enhances the activity of phospholipase A2.
D. It blocks the formation of malonyl-CoA.

A

A. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by blocking COX enzymes irreversibly

BIOC 302: Metabolism (12 decks)

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