Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

philosopie lesson 3: Metaphysiccs > chater #3 Metaphysics > Flashcards

chater #3 Metaphysics Flashcards

1
Q

What is metaphysics?

A

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of reality. The term itself means ‘after or beyond physics’
The study of “What is real?”
Beyond what physics can prove.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is materealism?

A

The metaphysical position that reality is ultimately composed of matter
Matter > mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is idealism?

A

The metaphysical position that an important aspect of reality is non-matter or immaterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are natural evils?

A

bad things that happen or are naturally occuring in our world. For example diseases and natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis and mudslides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are moral evils?

A

bad things done by people, who commit to making such a bad decisions on their own account. Acts such as murder, stealing, lying, acts of war or terrorism are good examples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Pantheism mean?

A

“all God”, The belief that everything is God and God is everything, God and the universe are identical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Panentheism mean?

A

“all in God”, attempts to merge theism and pantheism, Rather than believing that the universe is god , panentheism holds that the universe is in God but God is more than the universe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the question “what is real?” focus on?

A

-Our perception IS our reality
-We are alone in our own minds
-You are essentially on your own, in your head, perceiving the world around you through you own reality lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

who is John Hick and what concept is he connected to?

A
  • “the road” concept
    The choice to accept or reject faith will not be validated or refunded until the end of the journey
    So much depends on the choice of belief and disbelief. It influences a person’s view of themselves, others, the world and our ultimate eternal destiny
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is atheism? what do they believe?

A
  • They don’t believe in the existence of god.
  • they believe that Good things are good luck, bad things are just bad luck
  • we are just here so go on and live your life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is theism? what do they believe?

A
  • greatly belie in God
  • believe that Things happen from the divine being above, good things come from god
    -When bad things happen they’ll think it’s punishment from god or karma (hinduism)
  • we believe we have an ultimate purpose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is agnosticism? what do they believe?

A

-The belief that there is no reasonable grounds to justify that God exists or that God does not exist.
-Arguing for and against the existence of God, claiming that neither side is convincing.
-There is way of verifying either side opinion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 types of proof of god (OTC)

A
  • The Ontological Argument
  • The Teleological Argument
  • The Cosmological argument
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ontological Argument and who is the thinker connected to it?

A
  • Thinker: St. Anslem, first to assert his argument for God’s existence in a logical rational manner
    -Humans have a natural inclination to believe in something is hardwired into human nature by God himself (explain the diverse religions aroun the world, everyone beliivng in something just in different ways)
  • He claimed that, if we were to conceive of the ultimate- something in which nothing greater could be conceived - that BEING would be God
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who voiced “Credo ut intelligam” which means “I believe in order that I might understand.”?

A

St. Anselm, ontological thinker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Teleological Argument and who is the thinker connected to it?

A
  • Thinker: William Paley
    -Every design has a designer; every creation has a creator
    -concluded that logically, the intricate design of the universe demands an intelligent designer
    -applies the ‘watch analogy’ to nature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what were William Paley’s 3 points about design?(ITT)

A
  • If we find an artifact, like a watch, that is designed to achieve a purpose, we can conclude it was made by an intelligent being
  • Things we find in nature are designed to achieve a purpose.
  • Therefore they were made by an intelligent designer, and this designer is God.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the design argument?

A
  • Thinker: William Paley
  • teleological, end based
  • every design has a designer, every creation has a creator
    It is an argument for the existence of God which claims that logically, the order and purpose manifest in the working things in the universe require God.
19
Q

What is the cosmological Argument and who is the thinker connected to it?

A
  • Thinker: Aquinas
    -Argument for the existence of God that claims that there must be an ultimate casual explanation for why the universe exists.
    -Aquinas explains the nature of god via negativa or through negation
20
Q

who says ““Things are in motion, hence there is a first mover. Things are caused, hence there is a first cause. Things exist, hence there is a creator. Perfect goodness exists, hence there is a sourcer Things are designed, hence they serve a purpose”?

A

Aquinas the cosmological thinker

21
Q

What are Aquinas’s 5 proofs

A
  1. God Is The Uncaused Cause.
    -all creation is the result of a chain of cause and effect
  2. God Is The Unmoved Mover.
    - This argument is the result of aquinas’ study of the universe
    - Logically, a body in motion must be set in motion by force
  3. God Is The Undesigned Designer.
    The universe is created with such intricate precision that it demands intelligent designer.
    - The universe was no error.
  4. God Is Non Contingent.
    -Everything in the universe is dependent upon something else for its existence, from elements in nature, to animals and humans
  5. God is not a imperfect replica.
    Aquinas concludes that God is the perfect, eternal, ideal form
    Everything in this world is simply an imperfect replica, including humans
22
Q

What is free will and who are the thinkers connected to it?

A

The ability to make conscious choices that determine one’s future. the freedom to choose between right nd wrong.
thinkers: Jean-paul Sartre, Rene Descartes

23
Q

What did Sartes say and believe?

A
  • that our choices are not determined by the past or present.
  • believes free will is real. Your outcome is the results of your actions, past, present and future. First to say we are fully free and fully responsible
24
Q

What did descarte say and believe?

A
  • also believed in free will as he declared “cogito ergo sum”–> means “I think therefore I am”
    -You know you are free because you are sitting there freely thinking if you are free or not
  • how are thoughts that are not your own exist in your mind?
25
Q

What is soft determinism, who is the thinker connected to it?

A
  • thinker: William james
  • the belief that determinism is compatible with free will and moral responsibility.
  • states that even though all events in the world are predetermined by what came before them, it is still possible for people to have free will and thus be morally responsible for their actions.
26
Q

what does William James think and say in connection to Soft determinism?

A
  • Argues that human actions are causally determined by previous events, heredity, and the laws of nature.
  • Does not rule out freedom and personal responsibility.
  • Therefore, humans are not predetermined to do something or be something however, they are free to choose (within limits) and are personally responsible for what they do.
  • believed that hope and optimism were reasons to believe in compatibilism, since determinism’s trappings were bleak and pessimistic.
27
Q

What is hard determinism and the thinker connected to it?

A

Thinker: Spinoza
- Determinism is the opposite of free will. As the name suggests, your choices are already determined and there is nothing you can do to change the past, present or future.
- Determinism is that life is predetermined, you are not free.

28
Q

what does hard determinism say about the one path from the present into the future?

A

-You can determine the out comeof your path if you find and follow the cause and affects
- If everything else in the world is set on a predetermined plan, then so are we. How can we be the only exception? (newton’s contribution)
- Cause and effect stretches back far into time (e.g your parents are religious cuz their parents were religious… so on and so forth all the way back)

29
Q

what are the 3 arguments of determinism? (HDT)

A
  1. Human acts are determined
  2. Determinism rules out freedom and responsibility
  3. Therefore, humans are neither free nor responsible
30
Q

What are the 3 main choices of Determinism? (CTB)

A

Casual: Cause and effect relationships invariably lead from one to the other (your choices determine)
Theological: God determines the future, whether through design or omniscience (god determines)
Biological: Everything living creatures do is simply a direct result of their genetic programming (e.g Mariah Carey, she is able to hit a note a note so high no one else in the world can) (your biological build determines)

31
Q

What is deism and the thinkers connected to it

A

thinkers: Gottfried Leibniz and St.Augustine
- The rational belief that god is the uncaused first cause of all things in the universe
- However, this creator is non interventionist and does not interact with human kind
-That God allows the universe to operate according to natural law

32
Q

What is St.Augustine’s connection to deism? what do they think?

A
  • Evil is not a thing, It is the absence of the “good” that ought to be there
  • Evil is not a thing in itself , It is a privation /absence of a thing (i.e good) that ought to be there
33
Q

What is St Augustine’s “donut” concept?

A
  • that there’s no such thing as a donut hole
  • The donut hole is just where more donut used to be
34
Q

What is Gottfried Leibniz connection to deism? what does he think?

A
  • that God does in fact have all three of these characteristics: omnipotent, meaning all-powerful; omniscient, meaning all-knowing; and omnipresent, meaning present everywhere at all times
35
Q

what is Leibniz’s “big picture concept?

A
  • that Our judgment of evil comes from a very limited human perspective which does not allow us to understand God’s plan and design of creation.
    We are so limited in our understanding, we cannot possibly see “the big picture”.
36
Q

who says ““If the grain falling to the soil did not die, it would not bear fruit””

A

Gottfried Leibniz.

37
Q

What is Nihilism?

A

the belief that there is no predetermined point to life (and that’s not a bad thing)
Life is meaningless and absurd (so let it go).
Nothing matters (which means everything does).
- Searching for “the meaning of life” is pointless because it is entirely subjective

38
Q

What does the german word ““Weltanschauung” mean

A

world view
- This is also referred to as a paradigm

39
Q

Who is Arthur Schopenhauer and what did he defend?

A
  • a german philosopher
  • Defended the nihilist position and argued that life often has more pain than enjoyment
    -The boredom we feel when every one of our needs are satisfied proves “the emptiness of existences”
    -There is no longer a whole or plan and when we search for one we cause ourselves to suffer.
40
Q

who says “ “We can regard our life as a uselessly disturbing episode in the blissful response of nothingness.. Human existence must be some kind of error”?

A

arthur schopenhauer

41
Q

Whose most famous declaration was that “God is dead”?

A

Friedrich Nietzsche

42
Q

what did Friedrich Nietzsche defend?

A
  • argued that we are “undetermined animals” therefore we transform ourselves through knowledge
    -In the absence of God (and religion), we are responsible for searching for the answers to life’s hardest questions
  • God’s “death” removes the threat of divine punishment leaving us free to experiment with different ways to live and to make mistakes along the way
  • He wants us to seize this opportunity with both hands of life we can be the heroes of our own stories
43
Q

who is Søren Kierkegaard and what did he defend?

A
  • Danish philosopher
  • Argued that the meaning of life is subjective
    Individuals can have personal goals to give their life meaning
  • argued that the meaning of life is to choose something that you will be willing to live for to find a “truth” that is true to you!
44
Q

who says “every human being has a natural need to formulate a life view , a conception of the meaning of life”

A

Søren Kierkegaard

philosopie lesson 3: Metaphysiccs (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions