chat gpt unit 5

Question 1

What is an antigen?

Answer 1

A molecule or substance that triggers an immune response, usually found on the surface of pathogens or foreign cells

Question 2

What is an antibody?

Answer 2

A protein produced by B cells that binds to a specific antigen, neutralizing or marking it for destruction.

Question 3

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 3

The process by which phagocytes (e.g., macrophages) engulf and digest foreign particles, such as bacteria.

Question 4

What is the role of T-helper cells in the immune system?

Answer 4

T-helper cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and activate cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected cells.

Question 5

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 5

Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that produce large amounts of antibodies specific to a particular antigen.

Question 6

What are memory cells?

Answer 6

Long-lived immune cells that “remember” a specific antigen, providing faster and stronger responses upon subsequent infections.

Question 7

What is active immunity?

Answer 7

Immunity gained through the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to an infection or vaccination.

Question 8

What is passive immunity?

Answer 8

Immunity acquired by receiving antibodies from an external source, such as from mother to baby through breast milk.

Question 9

What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

Answer 9

A cell (like a dendritic cell or macrophage) that processes and presents antigens on its surface to T-helper cells to activate the immune response.

Question 9

What is clonal selection?

Answer 9

The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates a specific B or T cell, leading to the proliferation of identical clones.

Question 10

What are immunoglobulins?

Answer 10

A group of proteins that function as antibodies in the immune system, including IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.

Question 11

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in immunity?

Answer 11

The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages antibodies into vesicles for secretion or transport within the cell.

Question 12

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 12

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

Question 12

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 12

The process by which cells break down glucose (or other organic molecules) to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.

Question 13

What is glycolysis?

Answer 13

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing small amounts of ATP and NADH in the process.

Question 13

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Answer 13

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll which captures light energy.

Question 14

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 14

A series of reactions in the mitochondria that generates high-energy electron carriers (NADH, FADH₂) and ATP, while releasing CO₂ as a byproduct.

Question 15

What happens in the electron transport chain?

Answer 15

High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are passed along proteins, generating a proton gradient used to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.

Question 16

What is DNA profiling?

Answer 16

A technique used to identify and analyze the unique DNA patterns in individuals, often used in forensic science or paternity testing.

Question 17

What is a photosystem?

Answer 17

A complex of proteins and pigments in the chloroplasts that capture light energy for photosynthesis.

Question 18

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

Answer 18

A principle stating that allele frequencies in a population remain constant if no evolutionary forces (such as mutation, migration, selection) are acting on the population.

Question 19

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Answer 19

p² + 2pq + q² = 1, where p and q are the allele frequencies of two alleles (dominant and recessive) in a population.

Question 20

What is genetic drift?

Answer 20

The random fluctuation in allele frequencies due to chance events, often affecting small populations.

Question 21

What is gene flow?

Answer 21

The movement of alleles between populations due to migration, leading to genetic mixing.

Question 22

What is allopatric speciation?

Answer 22

Speciation that occurs when populations are geographically isolated, preventing gene flow and leading to genetic differences over time.

Question 23

What is speciation?

Answer 23

The process by which new species are formed due to reproductive isolation and genetic divergence over time.

Question 24

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 24

Speciation that occurs without geographical isolation, often due to ecological or behavioral differences within the same habitat.

Question 25

What is stabilizing selection?

Answer 25

A form of natural selection that favors the average phenotype and reduces variation in a population.

Question 26

What is directional selection?

Answer 26

A form of natural selection where one extreme phenotype is favored, leading to a shift in the population’s traits.

Question 27

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 27

A form of selection that favors both extreme phenotypes over the average, potentially leading to speciation.