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Charpter 1 Flashcards

Basics

1
Q

Time of large block

A

0,2 sec

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2
Q

Time of small block

A

0,004 sec

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3
Q

Voltage of 1 big block

A

0,5 mV

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4
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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5
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and contraction

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6
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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7
Q

HR

A

1) 300/large blocks R-R
2) 1500/small blocks R-R
3) number of QRS over a 6-second interval and multiply by 10

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8
Q

P wave duration

A

0.06-0.12 seconds (1.5 to 2.75 small boxes)

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9
Q

P wave amplitude

A

0.05 to 0.25mV (0.5 to 2.5 small boxes)

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10
Q

The PR Interval

A

the interval from where the P wave begins until the beginning of the QRS complex

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11
Q

The PR interval duration

A

0.12 to 0.20 seconds (3 to 5 small boxes)

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12
Q

the QRS duration

A

0.06 to 0.12 seconds (1.5 to 3 boxes)

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13
Q

The QT interval

A

from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave

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14
Q

The QT duration

A

0.36 to 0.44 seconds (9-11 small boxes)

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15
Q

Standart voltage

A

10 mm/mV

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16
Q

irregular rhytm

A

If the rhythm varies by two small boxes or more

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17
Q

Sinus Bradycardia

A

rate will be less than 60 bpm

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18
Q

sinus tachycardia

A

rate exceeding 100 bpm

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19
Q

Sinus Dysrhythmia

A

It is commonly seen in young healthy people and athletes. It is frequently related to breathing and pressure on the vagus nerve. As the patient inhales and the lungs expand, pressure is applied to the vagus nerve which causes a parasympathetic response and a decrease in heart rate.

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20
Q

sinus exit block

A

The duration of the pause with Sinus Exit Block is in a direct multiple of the R to R interval of the underlying rhythm. Sinus Arrest does not have this specific feature.

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21
Q

Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)

przedwczesne pobudzenie przedsionkowe

A
  • abnormal P wave
  • usually followed by a normal QRS complex
  • rytm niemiarowy,
  • przerwa po PAC krótsza od przerwy wyrownawczej
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22
Q

PAC types

A

Bigeminy — every other beat is a PAC
Trigeminy — every third beat is a PAC
Quadrigeminy — every fourth beat is a PAC
Couplet – two consecutive PACs
Triplet — three consecutive PACs

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23
Q

Causes of PACs

A

Anxiety
Sympathomimetics
Beta-agonists
Excess caffeine
Hypokalaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
Digoxin toxicity
Myocardial ischaemia

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24
Q

Wandering Atrial Pacemaker (WAP) -cause

wędrowanie rozrusznika

A

electrical impulses causing the atrial activity are moving or wandering

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25
WAP - EKG
at least three distinctly different P wave morphologies and a ventricular rate of less than 100 bpm
26
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia - cause
A rapid, irregular atrial rhythm arising from multiple ectopic foci within the atria. Most commonly seen in patients with severe COPD or congestive heart failure.
27
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia - EKG
-Heart rate > 100 bpm (usually 100-150 bpm; may be as high as 250 bpm). -Irregular rhythm -At least 3 distinct P-wave morphologies in the same lead. -Isoelectric baseline between P-waves (i.e. no flutter waves). -Absence of a single dominant atrial pacemaker (i.e. not just sinus rhythm with frequent PACs).
28
Atrial flutter -EKG
- Narrow complex tachycardia - Regular atrial activity at ~300 bpm - Loss of the isoelectric baseline - “Saw-tooth” pattern of inverted flutter waves in leads II, III, aVF
29
AF - the ratio of F waves
Atrial Flutter 4:1 (indicates 4 “F” waves to each QRS complex)
30
Anticlockwise Reentry AF
Commonest form of atrial flutter (90% of cases).
31
Anticlockwise Reentry AF - EKG
- Inverted flutter waves in leads II,III, aVF - Positive flutter waves in V1 — may resemble upright P waves
32
Clockwise Reentry - EKG
- Positive flutter waves in leads II, III, aVF - Broad, inverted flutter waves in V1
33
Atrial Fibrillation
multiple electrical impulses occur within the atria. This chaotic electrical activity results in a chaotic wave form between the QRS complexes.
34
Atrial Fibrillation - EKG
- Irregularly irregular rhythm - No P waves - Absence of an isoelectric baseline - Variable ventricular rate QRS complexes usually < 120ms, unless pre-existing bundle branch block, accessory pathway, or rate-related aberrant conduction
35
Premature Junctional Complex (PJC) - defination
A premature beat arising from an ectopic focus within the Atrioventricular (AV) junction.
36
Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)
Narrow QRS complex, either (1) without a preceding P wave or (2) with a retrograde P wave which may appear before, during, or after the QRS complex. If before, there is a short PR interval of < 120 ms and the “retrograde” P waves are usually inverted in leads II, III and aVF. - Occurs sooner than would be expected for the next sinus impulse. - Followed by a compensatory pause. PJCs that arrive early in the cycle may be conducted aberrantly, most commonly with a RBBB morphology.
37
Junctional Escape Rhythm - cause
-Severe sinus bradycardia -Sinus arrest -Sino-atrial exit block -High-grade second degree -AV block -Third degree AV block -Hyperkalaemia -Drugs: beta-blocker, calcium-channel blocker or digoxin poisoning
38
Junctional Escape Rhythm -EKG
- Junctional rhythm with a rate of 40-60 bpm - QRS complexes are typically narrow (< 120 ms) - No relationship between the QRS complexes and any preceding atrial activity (e.g. P-waves, flutter waves, fibrillatory waves)
39
Junctional bradycardia
junctional rhythm at a rate of < 40 bpm
40
Junctional escape rhythm
junctional rhythm at a rate of 40-60 bpm
41
Accelerated junctional rhythm
junctional rhythm at 60-100 bpm
42
Junctional tachycardia
junctional rhythm at > 100 bpm
43
Supraventricular Tachycardia - definition
any tachydysrhythmia arising from above the level of the Bundle of His, and encompasses regular atrial, irregular atrial, and regular atrioventricular tachycardias
44
Supraventricular Tachycardia
45
rytm zatokowy
rytm z węzła zatokowo-przedsionkowego (SA)
46
węzeł SA
Znajduje się w ścianie prawego przedsionka pomiędzy ujściem żyły głównej górnej a grzebieniem granicznym.
47
rytm zatokowy kryteria
- P zawsze dodatki w II - P zawsze ujemny w aVR - 60-100/min
48
rytm przedsionkowy
pochodzi w pobudzeń w przedsionkach
49
rytm przedsionkowy HR
55-60/min
50
rytm przedsionkowy
- P o innej budowie - P ujemne w II, III, aVF - QRS w normie - odstęp PQ>0,1sec
51
odstęp PQ
od początku P do początku QRS
52
zastępczy rytm przedsionkowy
<60/min
53
przyspieszony rytm przedsionkowy
60-100/min
54
częstoskurcz przedsionkowy
>100/min
55
węzeł przedsionkowo-komorowy lokalizacja
położona na dnie prawego przedsionka między ujściem zatoki wieńcowej a płatkiem przegrodowym zastawki trójdzielnej.
56
rytm węzłowy ( z łącza przedsionkowo-komorowego)
- zespoły QRS - norma , - załamek P najczęściej jest niewidoczny; może występować przed zespołem QRS (skrócony odstęp PQ <0,1 s, załamki P ujemne w odprowadzeniach II, III, aVF) lub zanim (morfologia taka jak w załamki P pojawiającym się przed zespołem QRS).
57
Zastępczy rytm komorowy HR
<50/min
58
oś pośrednia serca
I do góry QRS aVF do góry
59
lewogram fizjo
I do góry QRS II do góry aVF do dołu
60
lewogram pato
I do góry QRS II do dołu aVF do dołu
61
prawogram
I do dołu QRS aVF do góry
62
oś nieokreślona
I do dołu QRS aVF do dołu
63
kolor czerwony EKG
prawe przedramie
64
kolor żółty
lewe przedramie
65
kolor zielony
lewa kończyna dolna
66
kolor czarny
prawa kończyna dolna
67
ściana przednia
V1-V6
68
ściana dolna
II, III, aVF
69
ściana boczna
1, aVL, V6
70
prawa komora
V3R-V4R
71
ściana dolno-podstwna
V7-V9
72
odcinek
fragment krzywej pomiędzy sąsiednimi załamkami
73
odcinek PQ
repolaryzacja przedsionków
74
patologiczny załamek Q
to to taki, który występuje w przynajmniej 2 sąsiednich odprowadzeniach z tej samej grupy odprowadzeń. Jest cechą martwicy mięśnia sercowego.
75
załamek T
0,12-0,16sec
76

EKG (2 decks)

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