Charles I 1625-40 Flashcards
Treaty of Susa
April 1629: Susa ends war with France
Treaty of Madrid
November 1630: Madrid ends war with Spain
Benevolence and forced loan
Imposed a benevolence (1626) and a forced loan (1627) which collected £240,000
Cadiz (October 1625)
Attempted to capture fort of Cadiz but it was too well protected and they failed. Drunk the entire wine contents and returned home humiliated
Cadiz (1626)
Charles had dismissed the Parliament to prevent Buckingham’s impeachment so lacked funding. Violent storms meant they didn’t reach the coast of Spain
La Rochelle (1627)
Expedition going well until an unsuccessful attempt to storm the garrison, due to lack of reinforcements and too short ladders.
Second (April 1628) and Third (September 1628) trips of La Rochelle
Led by Earl of Denbeigh but neither managed to break through the French Blockade at La Rochelle
Laud and Montagu promoted
1628- Laud promoted to Bishop of London and Montagu to Bishop of Chichester
Puritan conspiracy
The idea that a group of Puritan MPs were determined to use parliament to campaign against Charles
Petition of rights
1628
Asked the King to acknowledge MPs four rights, they claimed they were not new but basic principles of English law
It was illegal to:
-Raise taxes without Parliament’s consent
-Imprison people without showing the cause of their imprisonment
-Impose the forced billeting of troops on civilians
-Impose martial law on civilians
Five Knight’s Case
1627
Five men who had been imprisoned for not paying the forced loan demanded to know why they had been imprisoned and issued writs of habeas corpus.
Forced Loans
1627
76 people were imprisoned for failure to pay
Sir Ranulph Crewe, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, was dismissed for refusing to support it.
Raised £240,000 and most had paid by the end of 1627
Billeting of soldiers
50,000 soldiers were housed and fed by civilians on the coast due to wars with Spain and France
Three Resolutions
2nd March 1629
Charles decided to close Parliament, as he knew it was unlikely that MPs would grant him tonnage and poundage
He ordered Sir John Finch to adjourn Parliament but when he tried to rise to declare the end of the session, Denzil Holles led a group of MPs who held him down in his chair until the Three Resolutions had been passed
Sir John Elliot called out the Three Resolutions which condemned anyone who:
- promoted Arminianism
- collected tonnage and poundage
- paid tonnage and poundage
Distraint of Knighthood
1635
Men owning estates over £40 were supposed to present themselves to be knighted at the new King’s coronation but the selling of knighthoods for £30 meant the title had been devalued so many did not present themselves
Charles fined people for not claiming their knighthoods
Raised £170,000
Forest Fines
1630
Declared the boundaries of royal forests to be those at the time of Henry II
Rockingham Forest went from 6 square miles to 60 square miles
Those living in the royal forest were fined
Most were small sums but the Earl of Salisbury was fined £20,000
Ship Money
1635: 213,000/ 218,000 collected (96%)
1639: 53,000/210,000 collected (25%)
Hampden Case
1637 - John Hampden refused to pay ship money and was taken to court
Judges ruled 7 to 5 in favour of the King, but it is significant that 5 of his own judges voted against him
Led to an increase in non payment
Debt
Fell from £2 million to less than £1 million
Punishing Puritans
In 1637 Bastwick, Henry Burton and William Prynne had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking the religious views of the William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Common Book of Prayer date
1633
Common Book of Prayer problems
1637- Imposed the English Prayer Book with a few changes after discussions with Scottish Bishops but didn’t consult the Scottish Privy Council or the General Assembly of the Kirk
Opposition to these changes, rioting and violence when it was first used at St Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh, July 1637
February 1638- Charles made it treason to protest against the prayer book
1st Bishops’ War
June 1639 - Alexander Leslie, who had worked with Gustavus Adolphus led a determined and experienced Scottish force and Charles realised his troops were no match for them
Treaty of Berwick
June 1639
2nd Bishops’ War
July 1640
Charles did not receive money from Parliament as he dissolved them
English troops began to move towards Scotland as the Scots invaded Northumberland and Newcastle
Charles’ peers urged him to call Parliament
Treaty of Ripon
October 1640
Ended the Second Bishops’ War
Scots could occupy Northumberland and County Durham
Paid £850 a day until peace was agreed
Charles was forced to call Parliament
