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Spanish History (Char) > Charles and Foreign Policy (1) > Flashcards

Charles and Foreign Policy (1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Did Charles feel any need to centralise or unite his lands? Provide some evidence

A
  • no, he viewed them as a collection of individual states owing him allegiance
  • correspondence with regents indicates his respect for the authority of local elites and preference for governing dominions individually
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2
Q

In Charles’ role as the Holy Roman Emperor, what did he have to do?

A
  • defend the Catholic faith
  • bring peace to the Christian countries of Europe
  • lead a crusade against Islam
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3
Q

Aside from being the HRE, what else was Charles’ aim in foreign policy? What was his key strategy?

A
  • protect and extend the lands ruled by his family esp. regaining the Burgundian lands lost to France
  • key strategy = make marriage alliances of family members
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4
Q

Why did Naples require constant protection?

A
  • France had persistent ambitions - they held Milan
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5
Q

What were the reasons for the French-Spanish rivalry between Francois and Charles?

A
  • personal rivalry between them
  • 1516: Charles defeated Francis in the contest to become HRE
  • Francis had a claim to Naples (under Spanish control)
  • Milan was important to both (under French control)
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6
Q

Why was Francis particularly worried about Charles becoming HRE?

A
  • France was encircled by Habsburg territory
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7
Q

Why was Milan important to Charles?

A
  • it was a key strategic point enabling good communication between HRE and Naples and between lands in Austria and Spain
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8
Q

What happened with Navarre during Charles’ reign?

A
  • Navarre had been promised to the French as part of the Treaty of Noyon
  • this was postponed due to Navarre’s positions on Spanish borders
  • the French took the opportunity of the comuneros revolt to enter Navarre
  • once the revolt was dealt with, Charles drove him out of Navarre
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9
Q

What consequence did Chievres’ death in 1521 have on policy in Italy?

A
  • he supported peaceful relations with France but his replacement (Gattinara) supported the idea of removing French influence from Italy
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10
Q

What consequence did the changing of the Pope to Clement VII have on Charles’ policy in Italy?

A
  • he became concerned with Charles’ rising power in Italy
  • formed an alliance with France, Venice and Florence
  • enabled France to retake Milan
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11
Q

What key development in the conflict occurred in 1525?

A
  • Charles’ army defeated the French outside Milan (The Battle of Pavia)
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12
Q

Who was Charles’ army led by?

A

Lannoy

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13
Q

How did weaponry improvements contribute to the success of Charles in the Battle of Pavia? How does this fit in with the nature of fighting in this period as a whole?

A
  • the Habsburg army made effective use of arquebuse
  • huge investment in armies and weapons and developments in military technology
  • rulers recruiting increased numbers of mercenaries
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14
Q

While Francis I was taken captive, what did he agree with Charles in what treaty?

A
  • to renounce claims in Italy and Netherlands
  • give up Burgundian lands
  • Treaty of Madrid
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15
Q

Although the Treaty of Madrid was agreed, how was Francis able to renounce the terms as soon as he got home?

A
  • no firm measures were taken to force him to keep the conditions, Charles relied on Francis’ word only
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16
Q

Who formed the League of Cognac of 1526 and why was it made?

A
  • Pope
  • France
  • England
  • Some Italien states
  • aim to free Italy from Charles
17
Q

Outline the key event that happened in 1527

A
  • Charles’ army marched on Rome from Milan to support one of his allies
  • the attack was successful but Bourbon was killed
  • the army was unpaid and uncontrolled so sacked Rome
18
Q

Who was leading Charles’ army in the 1527 attack on Rome?

A
  • Duke of Bourbon
19
Q

As Charles was so shocked at the sack of Rome, who did he try to blame it on?

A
  • Pope and Francis for instigating these events
20
Q

When did Francis lead his forces into Italy and besiege Naples?

A

1528

21
Q

In Francis’ 1528 attack on Naples, who supported him from the sea?

A
  • Genoese fleet led by Doria
22
Q

Why did Doria choose to switch to Charles’ side?

A
  • Francis treated them badly
23
Q

Why was the support of the Genoese fleet so good for Charles? How did Charles maintain Doria as a helpful ally?

A
  • communications were easier between Spain and Naples
  • easy access to loans from Genoese bankers
  • made him grand admiral of the imperial fleet
24
Q

Why were the French forced to break their siege on Naples in 1528?

A
  • lost support of the Genoese fleet

- plague hit their army

25
Q

When was the Battle of Landriano and who was decisively defeated? Why was it only at this point that Spain and France were prepared to make peace?

A

1529, French army defeated

- both sides had exhausted their resources in this further fighting

26
Q

Who came out best in the 1529 Peace of Cambrai and how?

A
  • Charles: he gave up the duchy of Burgundy
  • Francis: gave up claims to Naples, Milan, Artois and Flanders
  • this secured Habsburg control in Italy
27
Q

How was the Peace of Cambrai cemented?

A
  • the marriage of Francis to Charles’ sister Eleanor and a large sum of money paid for the release of Francis’ sons from Spain
28
Q

How did the situation for Charles and Francis change after the Peace of Cambrai? (not necessarily as a result of the Peace of Cambrai though)

A
  • cities in Italy became more heavily fortified which made them less open to direct assault
  • fewer Italian cities were prepared to support Francis
29
Q

How did Charles cement his position in Milan?

A
  • Charles’ niece married the ruler of Milan (Christina of Denmark to Sforza)
30
Q

In 1536, what is an example of a reactionary action Charles took?

A
  • Charles invaded Provence in retaliation against Francis’ unprovoked attack on ally, Duke of Savoy

Spanish History (Char) (14 decks)

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