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PR 2 (Carnation) > CHARACTERISTICS, STRENTH AND WEAKNESSES, DIFFERENCES, KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE; KINDS OF VARIABLES > Flashcards

CHARACTERISTICS, STRENTH AND WEAKNESSES, DIFFERENCES, KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE; KINDS OF VARIABLES Flashcards

1
Q

to obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a ______________.

A

LARGE SAMPLE SIZE

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2
Q

data gathering and analysis of results are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.

A

OBJECTIVITY

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3
Q

standardized research instruments allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size effectively.

A

FAST & EASY DATA COLLECTION

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4
Q

use of statistical tools gives way for a less time-consuming data analysis.

A

FASTER DATA ANALYSIS

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5
Q

data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly.

A

GENERALIZED DATA

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6
Q

quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false of immature conclusions.

A

HIGH REPLICABILITY

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7
Q

process of collecting and analyzing data for the advancement of knowledge.

A

RESEARCH

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8
Q

According to them, research is a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions on relations
involving natural phenomena.

A

Kerlinger (1973)

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9
Q

Enumerate the Strengths of Quantitative Research

A
  1. Valid and reliable
  2. Accurate results
  3. Can be replicated
  4. Establishment of Cau. & Eff.
  5. Generalizable Results
  6. Quantifiable Data
  7. Can easily be analyzed using a
    software
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10
Q

Enumerate the Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

A
  1. Large sample can be costly
  2. Incapable of providing comprehensive explanation of human experiences
  3. Rigid and inflexible research design
  4. Some information should not be generalized or it cannot be described by numerical data
  5. Can’t explore a problem
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11
Q

research that uses inductive, interpretive, and naturalistic approach to the study of people, cases, phenomena, social situations, and processes in their natural settings

A

Qualitative Research

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12
Q

is an approach for testing objective theories by
examining the relationship among variables.

A

Quantitative Research

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13
Q

breadth, numbers, causal explanation

A

Quantitative

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14
Q

Interactive

A

Qualitative

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15
Q

depth, process, understanding, meaning

A

Qualitative

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16
Q

Neutral

A

Quantitative

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17
Q

Positivism

A

Quantitative

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18
Q

Natural

A

Qualitative

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19
Q

Constructivism

A

Qualitative

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20
Q

Controlled

A

Quantitative

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21
Q

No Hypothesis

A

Qualitative

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22
Q

With Hypothesis

A

Quantitative

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23
Q

pre-determined; structured

A

Quantitative

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24
Q

large; random probabilistic

A

Quantitative

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25
Q

flexible; evolving; emergent

A

Qualitative

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26
Q

survey questionnaires; objective

A

Quantitative

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27
Q

small; purposeful; non-probabilistic

A

Qualitative

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28
Q

interview guides/schedules; observation tools; subjective

A

Qualitative

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29
Q

numbers; numerical data

A

Quantitative

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30
Q

words, pictures, or other objects; narrative data

A

Qualitative

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31
Q

deductive; statistical tools

A

Quantitative

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32
Q

inductive; iterative interpretation

A

Qualitative

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33
Q

findings may be more specific rather than generalizable; theory generation

A

Qualitative

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34
Q

generalizable results but has less contextual detail; theory testing

A

Quantitative

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35
Q

It involves describing, analyzing, and interpreting the conditions that now exist

A

Descriptive Research

36
Q

Refers to correspondence between two variables

A

Relationship

37
Q

What are the two types of relationship?

A

correlation and causation

38
Q

relationship between two phenomena in which one phenomenon is the reason behind the other

39
Q

describes how the values of variable Y of a specific population are associated with the values of another variable X from the same population.

A

Correlation

40
Q

Can there be CAUSATION without CORRELATION?

A

No, there can never be causation without correlation

41
Q

used to establish cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables

A

Experimental Research

42
Q

“Is there a significant difference in the post-test
scores of the control group and experimental
group?” what kind of quantitative research?

A

Experimental

43
Q

What are the basic requirements for experiments?

A
  1. Random assignment of respondents or research participants
  2. Treatment and no-treatment groups
  3. Observations after the treatment
44
Q

in an experiment, the researchers attempts to deliberately control and/or manipulate the variables in the study

A

Experimental

45
Q

examines who, what, when, and where questions

A

descriptive

46
Q

“how many hours do STEM students spend on social media per day?’ what kind of quantitative research?

A

desceriptive

47
Q

provides the most powerful support for possible hypothesis of causation

A

experimental

48
Q

to be able to infer a relationship between cause and effect, three requirements must be met. what are those?

A
  1. Systematic order of events
  2. Associative Association
  3. Absence of other causes
49
Q

aside from the (identified) cause, no alternative explanation for the effect must be plausible

A

absence of other causes

50
Q

cause must precede effect

A

systematic order of events

51
Q

cause must be related to effect

A

Associative Association

52
Q

results can show relationships between variables; relationship between cause and effect is difficult to prove

A

quasi-experimental

53
Q

absence of random selection and aissgnment of subject; lesser validity than true experimental designs

A

quasi-experimental

54
Q

when is quasi- experimental used?

A

when the researcher cannot/should not randomly assign participants to control

55
Q

Attempts to identify a causative relationship between an
independent variable and a dependent variable after an action or event has already occured

A

causal-comparative

56
Q

Researchers’ goal is to determine whether the I.V. affected
the outcome, or D.V., by comparing two or more group of individuals

A

causal-comparative

57
Q

Investigators have no control over the variables in the sense of being able to manipulate them.

A

ex-post facto

58
Q

report only what has happened or what is happening; looks first to the effects and tries afterward to determine causes

A

ex-post facto

59
Q

what are the two orientation in research?

A

retrospective and prospective

60
Q

Starts with an effect and seeks possible causes; Begins with the dependent variable and then examines whether it is correlated with one or more
antecedent independent variables

A

retrospective

61
Q

Starts with a cause and investigates its effects on some variable

A

prospective

62
Q

synonym for association; studies relationships between two or more variables in a single group of participants without any attempt to influence them

A

correlational

63
Q

does not consider cause-and-effect relationships; lack of random assignment limits the generalizability of the results

A

correlational

64
Q

what is the most appropriate research when it is not practical to manipulate the independent variables; or when such manipulation of human participants is ethically unacceptable (delinquency, illnesses, suicide)

A

causal-comparative/ex-post facto

65
Q

measurement of something that holds at least two distinct values across participants within the study

66
Q

what are the two requirements?

A
  1. values for any variable must be mutually exclusive from one another
  2. values for any variable must be exhaustive
67
Q

variable that measures a subject’s race

A

exhaustive

68
Q

what are the function of variables

A
  1. presumed causality
  2. purpose of inquiry
69
Q

what are the two variables under presumed causality?

A

independent and dependent

70
Q

the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher; also referred to as explanatory variable

A

independent variable

71
Q

measured or observed; criterion, response, consequence

A

dependent variable

72
Q

what are the two variables under purpose of inquiry?

A

control and moderator

73
Q

held constant in a research study by observing only one of its instance or levels

74
Q

suspected or known to impact/influence the dependent variable

75
Q

factors not considered in the study but affect/influences in any way the study variables

A

extraneous/exogenous

76
Q

test factor which changes or causes the loss of original bivariate relationship; the original relationship is?

A

spurious causal relationship

77
Q

what are the two different scales for measurement?

A
  1. continuous and discrete; categorical
  2. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
78
Q

can take an ordered set of numerical values within a certain range (age, distance, volume, temperature, height)

A

continuous

79
Q

can take a specific values only (class size, family size)

80
Q

classifies observations by name only, does not connote any value (religion)

A

categorical

81
Q

variable that represents two categories

A

dichotomous

82
Q

variable with many categories

A

polychotomous

83
Q

application of rules in assigning numbers to cases so as to represent the presence of absence of quantity

A

measurement

84
Q

just a descriptive name, no value, no ranking (colors, gender)

85
Q

ranked highest to lowest

86
Q

zero does not mean the absence of the attribute (temperature, test scores)

87
Q

zero has a meaning; you can’t go below zero (amount of money in your pocket, no. of children, height, weight)

PR 2 (Carnation) (1 decks)

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