CHARACTERISTICS, STRENTH AND WEAKNESSES, DIFFERENCES, KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE; KINDS OF VARIABLES Flashcards
to obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a ______________.
LARGE SAMPLE SIZE
data gathering and analysis of results are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
OBJECTIVITY
standardized research instruments allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size effectively.
FAST & EASY DATA COLLECTION
use of statistical tools gives way for a less time-consuming data analysis.
FASTER DATA ANALYSIS
data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly.
GENERALIZED DATA
quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false of immature conclusions.
HIGH REPLICABILITY
process of collecting and analyzing data for the advancement of knowledge.
RESEARCH
According to them, research is a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions on relations
involving natural phenomena.
Kerlinger (1973)
Enumerate the Strengths of Quantitative Research
- Valid and reliable
- Accurate results
- Can be replicated
- Establishment of Cau. & Eff.
- Generalizable Results
- Quantifiable Data
- Can easily be analyzed using a
software
Enumerate the Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
- Large sample can be costly
- Incapable of providing comprehensive explanation of human experiences
- Rigid and inflexible research design
- Some information should not be generalized or it cannot be described by numerical data
- Can’t explore a problem
research that uses inductive, interpretive, and naturalistic approach to the study of people, cases, phenomena, social situations, and processes in their natural settings
Qualitative Research
is an approach for testing objective theories by
examining the relationship among variables.
Quantitative Research
breadth, numbers, causal explanation
Quantitative
Interactive
Qualitative
depth, process, understanding, meaning
Qualitative
Neutral
Quantitative
Positivism
Quantitative
Natural
Qualitative
Constructivism
Qualitative
Controlled
Quantitative
No Hypothesis
Qualitative
With Hypothesis
Quantitative
pre-determined; structured
Quantitative
large; random probabilistic
Quantitative
flexible; evolving; emergent
Qualitative
survey questionnaires; objective
Quantitative
small; purposeful; non-probabilistic
Qualitative
interview guides/schedules; observation tools; subjective
Qualitative
numbers; numerical data
Quantitative
words, pictures, or other objects; narrative data
Qualitative
deductive; statistical tools
Quantitative
inductive; iterative interpretation
Qualitative
findings may be more specific rather than generalizable; theory generation
Qualitative
generalizable results but has less contextual detail; theory testing
Quantitative
It involves describing, analyzing, and interpreting the conditions that now exist
Descriptive Research
Refers to correspondence between two variables
Relationship
What are the two types of relationship?
correlation and causation
relationship between two phenomena in which one phenomenon is the reason behind the other
Causation
describes how the values of variable Y of a specific population are associated with the values of another variable X from the same population.
Correlation
Can there be CAUSATION without CORRELATION?
No, there can never be causation without correlation
used to establish cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables
Experimental Research
“Is there a significant difference in the post-test
scores of the control group and experimental
group?” what kind of quantitative research?
Experimental
What are the basic requirements for experiments?
- Random assignment of respondents or research participants
- Treatment and no-treatment groups
- Observations after the treatment
in an experiment, the researchers attempts to deliberately control and/or manipulate the variables in the study
Experimental
examines who, what, when, and where questions
descriptive
“how many hours do STEM students spend on social media per day?’ what kind of quantitative research?
desceriptive
provides the most powerful support for possible hypothesis of causation
experimental
to be able to infer a relationship between cause and effect, three requirements must be met. what are those?
- Systematic order of events
- Associative Association
- Absence of other causes
aside from the (identified) cause, no alternative explanation for the effect must be plausible
absence of other causes
cause must precede effect
systematic order of events
cause must be related to effect
Associative Association
results can show relationships between variables; relationship between cause and effect is difficult to prove
quasi-experimental
absence of random selection and aissgnment of subject; lesser validity than true experimental designs
quasi-experimental
when is quasi- experimental used?
when the researcher cannot/should not randomly assign participants to control
Attempts to identify a causative relationship between an
independent variable and a dependent variable after an action or event has already occured
causal-comparative
Researchers’ goal is to determine whether the I.V. affected
the outcome, or D.V., by comparing two or more group of individuals
causal-comparative
Investigators have no control over the variables in the sense of being able to manipulate them.
ex-post facto
report only what has happened or what is happening; looks first to the effects and tries afterward to determine causes
ex-post facto
what are the two orientation in research?
retrospective and prospective
Starts with an effect and seeks possible causes; Begins with the dependent variable and then examines whether it is correlated with one or more
antecedent independent variables
retrospective
Starts with a cause and investigates its effects on some variable
prospective
synonym for association; studies relationships between two or more variables in a single group of participants without any attempt to influence them
correlational
does not consider cause-and-effect relationships; lack of random assignment limits the generalizability of the results
correlational
what is the most appropriate research when it is not practical to manipulate the independent variables; or when such manipulation of human participants is ethically unacceptable (delinquency, illnesses, suicide)
causal-comparative/ex-post facto
measurement of something that holds at least two distinct values across participants within the study
variables
what are the two requirements?
- values for any variable must be mutually exclusive from one another
- values for any variable must be exhaustive
variable that measures a subject’s race
exhaustive
what are the function of variables
- presumed causality
- purpose of inquiry
what are the two variables under presumed causality?
independent and dependent
the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher; also referred to as explanatory variable
independent variable
measured or observed; criterion, response, consequence
dependent variable
what are the two variables under purpose of inquiry?
control and moderator
held constant in a research study by observing only one of its instance or levels
control
suspected or known to impact/influence the dependent variable
moderator
factors not considered in the study but affect/influences in any way the study variables
extraneous/exogenous
test factor which changes or causes the loss of original bivariate relationship; the original relationship is?
spurious causal relationship
what are the two different scales for measurement?
- continuous and discrete; categorical
- nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
can take an ordered set of numerical values within a certain range (age, distance, volume, temperature, height)
continuous
can take a specific values only (class size, family size)
discrete
classifies observations by name only, does not connote any value (religion)
categorical
variable that represents two categories
dichotomous
variable with many categories
polychotomous
application of rules in assigning numbers to cases so as to represent the presence of absence of quantity
measurement
just a descriptive name, no value, no ranking (colors, gender)
nominal
ranked highest to lowest
ordinal
zero does not mean the absence of the attribute (temperature, test scores)
interval
zero has a meaning; you can’t go below zero (amount of money in your pocket, no. of children, height, weight)
ratio
