Characteristics Of Neoplasm Flashcards
Define neoplasm and state two types
An abnormal mass of tissue growth that is uncoordinated, purposeless, virtually autonomous and preys in cells
Malignant
Benign
What is a tumor?
Neoplasm which is unrecognized lump, swelling or lesion
Define cancer
A common term for malignant tumors
What are the basic components of neoplasm?
Parenchyma - Proliferating neoplastic cells
Stoma - supportive blood vessels and connective tissue
What is desmoplasia?
The college boys stromatolites stimulates by parenchyma cells
List some characteristics I’d benign tumors
-A cohesive, expansile mass. Growths over months or years
- it is localized
- does not usually destroy adjacent normal cells
- does not spread(metastasize) to distant organs
-almost always curable and can be surgically removed
USUALLY denoted by ‘oma’ except like melanoma and lymphoma
What is a papilloma
A benign epithelial neoplasm which forms microscopic or macroscopic finger-like projections
What is polyp
Neoplasm which forms a macroscopic projection above mucosal surface
The original neoplasm is know as the primary tumor.
What is invasion and metastatic ability
Invasion - tumors cells that infiltrate and grow into normal tissue with destruction of tissue
Metastatic ability- capacity to spread and grow at distant sites of primary tumor
What is a carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin
E.g. adenocarinoma - arising from glandular epithelium
Squamous cell carcinoma - arising from squamous epithelium
What is In-situ carcinoma? And what is a synonym for it
Malignant neoplasm is a potentially malignant neoplasm that is only in epithelial tissue and does not evade basement membrane
Severe dysplasia
What is intra-epithelial neoplasia
A potentially pre-malignant group of lessons confined to an epithelium
What is a Sarcoma?
Malignant tumor of connective tissue or of mesenchymal origin
Eg. Osteosarcoma arising from bone
Leiomyosarcoma - arising from smooth muscle
What is leukaemia?
Cells of origin is bone marrow and neoplastic cells present in the blood
What is Lymphoma or malignant lymphoma
Cells of origin of lymph node or lymphatic organ
What are the Oma(benign) exceptions?
Melanoma - malignant tumor or melanocytes
Seminoma- malignant tumor of testis
Lymphoma
Hamartoma- not true neoplasm but mass of disorganized tissue at particular site
Mixed tumor- divergent differentiations of tumors
Teratoma- derived from all three germ cells
List factors affecting growth rate of tumors
- Growth rate are seldom constant
- Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels to supply tumor
- Hormonal dependence
- Cell kinetics- shortening of cell life etc
Tumor differentiation- tumor cells resemble parenchymal cells
List the three degrees of differentiation
Well-differentiated - very close resemblance (benign or malignant tumor)
Moderately differentiated(malignant tumor)
Poorly differentiated (malignant tumor)
What is anaplasia
Undifferentiated tumor cells with little to no maturation
What are some common microscopic malignant call features
Nuclear pleomorphism - marked variation in nuclear size and shape
Hyperchromatism - very dark nuclear staining
Disorganized growth with lack of maturation
Abnormal mitoses
What is dysplasia?
Simpler form of in-situ carcinoma where epithelial cells are confined to the epithelium. No invasion of BM
Does not always progress to cancer
What is metastasis?
Tumor implants discontinued with primary tumor. - secondary tumor
Malignant tumor can metastasize via lymphatic channels, invasion into blood vessels and by spreading across cavities
Most tumors can metastasize
This reduces possibility of a cure
List pathways of metastasis
- Seeding of body cavities
Peritoneal cavities such as carcinoma of stomach and ovary - Lymphatic spread
Commonest route of spread for carcinomas
First spread to region lymph nodes draining into time sites them more distant LN then vascular system - Hematogenous spread
Commonest spread for sarcoma
Liver and lungs are common sites for secondary tumor metastases
