Characteristics Of Neoplasm

Question 1

Define neoplasm and state two types

Answer 1

An abnormal mass of tissue growth that is uncoordinated, purposeless, virtually autonomous and preys in cells

Malignant
Benign

Question 2

What is a tumor?

Answer 2

Neoplasm which is unrecognized lump, swelling or lesion

Question 3

Define cancer

Answer 3

A common term for malignant tumors

Question 4

What are the basic components of neoplasm?

Answer 4

Parenchyma - Proliferating neoplastic cells

Stoma - supportive blood vessels and connective tissue

Question 5

What is desmoplasia?

Answer 5

The college boys stromatolites stimulates by parenchyma cells

Question 6

List some characteristics I’d benign tumors

Answer 6

-A cohesive, expansile mass. Growths over months or years
- it is localized
- does not usually destroy adjacent normal cells
- does not spread(metastasize) to distant organs
-almost always curable and can be surgically removed
USUALLY denoted by ‘oma’ except like melanoma and lymphoma

Question 7

What is a papilloma

Answer 7

A benign epithelial neoplasm which forms microscopic or macroscopic finger-like projections

Question 8

What is polyp

Answer 8

Neoplasm which forms a macroscopic projection above mucosal surface

Question 9

The original neoplasm is know as the primary tumor.

What is invasion and metastatic ability

Answer 9

Invasion - tumors cells that infiltrate and grow into normal tissue with destruction of tissue

Metastatic ability- capacity to spread and grow at distant sites of primary tumor

Question 10

What is a carcinoma

Answer 10

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin

E.g. adenocarinoma - arising from glandular epithelium

Squamous cell carcinoma - arising from squamous epithelium

Question 11

What is In-situ carcinoma? And what is a synonym for it

Answer 11

Malignant neoplasm is a potentially malignant neoplasm that is only in epithelial tissue and does not evade basement membrane

Severe dysplasia

Question 12

What is intra-epithelial neoplasia

Answer 12

A potentially pre-malignant group of lessons confined to an epithelium

Question 13

What is a Sarcoma?

Answer 13

Malignant tumor of connective tissue or of mesenchymal origin

Eg. Osteosarcoma arising from bone

Leiomyosarcoma - arising from smooth muscle

Question 14

What is leukaemia?

Answer 14

Cells of origin is bone marrow and neoplastic cells present in the blood

Question 15

What is Lymphoma or malignant lymphoma

Answer 15

Cells of origin of lymph node or lymphatic organ

Question 16

What are the Oma(benign) exceptions?

Answer 16

Melanoma - malignant tumor or melanocytes

Seminoma- malignant tumor of testis

Lymphoma

Hamartoma- not true neoplasm but mass of disorganized tissue at particular site

Mixed tumor- divergent differentiations of tumors

Teratoma- derived from all three germ cells

Question 17

List factors affecting growth rate of tumors

Answer 17

• Growth rate are seldom constant
• Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels to supply tumor
• Hormonal dependence
• Cell kinetics- shortening of cell life etc

Question 18

Tumor differentiation- tumor cells resemble parenchymal cells

List the three degrees of differentiation

Answer 18

Well-differentiated - very close resemblance (benign or malignant tumor)

Moderately differentiated(malignant tumor)

Poorly differentiated (malignant tumor)

Question 19

What is anaplasia

Answer 19

Undifferentiated tumor cells with little to no maturation

Question 20

What are some common microscopic malignant call features

Answer 20

Nuclear pleomorphism - marked variation in nuclear size and shape

Hyperchromatism - very dark nuclear staining

Disorganized growth with lack of maturation

Abnormal mitoses

Question 21

What is dysplasia?

Answer 21

Simpler form of in-situ carcinoma where epithelial cells are confined to the epithelium. No invasion of BM

Does not always progress to cancer

Question 22

What is metastasis?

Answer 22

Tumor implants discontinued with primary tumor. - secondary tumor

Malignant tumor can metastasize via lymphatic channels, invasion into blood vessels and by spreading across cavities

Most tumors can metastasize

This reduces possibility of a cure

Question 23

List pathways of metastasis

Answer 23

1. Seeding of body cavities
   Peritoneal cavities such as carcinoma of stomach and ovary
2. Lymphatic spread
   Commonest route of spread for carcinomas
   First spread to region lymph nodes draining into time sites them more distant LN then vascular system
3. Hematogenous spread
   Commonest spread for sarcoma
   Liver and lungs are common sites for secondary tumor metastases