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Human growth and development > Characteristics of a lifespan and Bronfenbrenner > Flashcards

Characteristics of a lifespan and Bronfenbrenner Flashcards

1
Q

what is Multidimensional development

A

it consists of biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional elements

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2
Q

what is the princapal of multidirectionality

A

multidirectionality maintains that there is no single, normal path that development must or should take.

It suggests that some dimensions or components of a dimension increase in growth while others decrease in growth.

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3
Q

what is plastic development

A

*Plasticity is the brain’s ability to change—physically, functionally, and chemically—throughout life.

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4
Q

what is Contextual development

A

pathways of change are highly diverse because development is influenced by multiple forces: biological, historical, social, and cultural

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5
Q

what is a Age-Graded Influences

A

*Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last are called age-graded influences.

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6
Q

what is History-Graded Influences

A

*Development is also profoundly affected by forces unique to a particular historical era.
*These history-graded influences explain why people born around the same time—called a cohort—tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.

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7
Q

how does development involves Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation

A

development might revolve around growth but as the individual begins to age, they may focus more on maintaining the skills and abilities they currently have.

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8
Q

what is the The Germinal Period

A
  • the first two weeks after conception
  • creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
  • blastocyst is the inner layer of cells
    -These cells later develop into the embryo
  • The trophoblast is the outer layer of cells
    It later provides nutrition and support for the embryo
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9
Q

when is the biological sex determined

A

Immediately upon fertilization the biological sex is determined

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10
Q

what is the embryotic period

A
  • The period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception
  • During the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support
    systems for the cells form, and organs
    appear
  • As the embryo’s three layers form, life-support systems for the embryo mature and develop rapidly
  • These life-support systems include the
    placenta, the umbilical cord, and the amnion
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11
Q

what is the placenta

A

produces pregnancy-related hormones, including chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen, and progesterone

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12
Q

what is the umbilical cord

A

The umbilical cord is the life-support system, containing two arteries and one vein, that connects the fetus to the placenta

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13
Q

how long is the umbilical cord

A

60 cm

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14
Q

what is The Amnion

A

bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats,

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15
Q

what is The neural tube

A

The neural tube, which will eventually become the spinal cord, forms rapidly

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16
Q

what is the fetal period

A

The prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months, on average

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17
Q

what develops at 6 weeks

A

21 days eyes form, and 24 days cells of the heart begins to differentiate
By 4 weeks urogenital system first apparent, arm and leg buds emerge
Four chambers of heart begin to form By your 6th week, her heart will be beating and visible via ultrasound.

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18
Q

what develops at 8 weeks

A

Her heart, neural tube, arms and legs, liver and other major organs begin to form. The placenta also begins to form as well as the ears, mouth, and bones. In this time, your baby’s fingers and toes will become present, however, they may still be webbed. Her brain and cranial nerves will also begin to form this month. Baby’s sex organs begin to become visible

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19
Q

what happens 3 months after conception

A

If given an ultrasound now, you would be able to see your baby’s arms and legs moving. Baby’s heartbeat can be detected by doppler beginning in your third month. Development of the heart and all major organs is complete by the end of the third month. Baby’s sex organs continue to develop, but it is still too difficult to differentiate gender. Baby’s muscles in trunk, limbs, and head are developing. Baby’s face is well formed and your baby looks like a baby. By the end of your third month, your baby is 3-4 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce.

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20
Q

what happens after 4 months of conception

A

Growth spurt in lower body, prenatal reflexes and arm and leg movements felt by mother for first time, downy hair (lanugo) covers body During your fourth month your baby’s hair and teeth begin to form. Your baby’s digestive system is forming and the intestines are present. Meconium, your baby’s first stool, is present in the intestines as well. By the end of this month it may be possible to determine baby’s gender. Your baby is approximately 5-6 inches long and weigh 5-8 ounces by the end of the month.

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21
Q

how happens 5 months after conception

A

Preference for position in womb. Eyelashes and eyebrows are developing. Her fingerprints and footprints are now developed. She begins to suck and swallow and may even be found sucking her thumb. Vernix, a white lanolin-like covering, appears on baby to protect her skin. Her ears are developed as well and she may be able to hear you now. Your baby is approximately 7-8 inches long and weighs 3/4-1 pound by the end of this month.

22
Q

what happens Six Months after Conception

A

Your baby’s immune system is developing and she is beginning to create her own antibodies. She has developed a hand grip reflex and startle reflex. Her lungs are beginning to develop and alveoli are forming. She is growing and filling out. She looks more and more like the person she will be when she is born. By the end of this month, she is approximately 9-10 inches long and weigh in at about 1 1/2-2 1/4 pounds.

23
Q

what happens 7 Months after Conception

A

Your baby’s eyes are open and she is able to cry. She may be very active now and others may be able to see her movements. She may have hiccups which will feel like a jumpy movement. She is increasing in body fat and her bones are fully developed now. By the end of this month, she is approximately 11 inches long and weighs around 3-3 1/2 pounds.

24
Q

what happens 8 Months after Conception

A

3.2 kg – 7 lbs 2 ounces, vernix thick, lanugo almost all gone, At this point of your pregnancy, there is not a whole lot of new development. However, your baby is growing and maturing and preparing for life outside the womb. Your baby sleeps most of the time now and has periods of REM sleep. Baby is becoming increasingly cramped for space, but she is still very active. Your baby is approximately 13 inches long and weighs around 5-6 pounds at the end of this month.

25
Q

what happens 9 Months after Conception

A

In your 9th month, which actually extends a little further than 9 calendar months, your baby is preparing for birth. She will spend a lot of time resting, but she should still have plenty of active periods. She should be facing head down in preparation for birth. Babies weight and length vary considerably at birth, but a typical range would be between 7-8 pounds and 19-21 inches in length

26
Q

what is Chronological Age

A

The number of years that have elapsed since a person’s birth

27
Q

what is biological Age

A

A person’s age in terms of biological health

28
Q

what is Mental Age

A

An individual’s ability to solve problems on a standardized instrument compared with others of the same chronological age

29
Q

what is Psychological Age

A

adaptive capacities relative to those of other individuals of the same chronological age

30
Q

what is social Age

A

Refers to social roles and expectations related to a person’s age

31
Q

what is life expectancy

A

is also based on averages, but it’s the number of years that someone is expected to live from a specific starting point

32
Q

what is life span

A

is the number of years that one person lives.

33
Q

what is Fetal Programming

A
  • The environment in the womb, during different sensitive periods for specific outcomes, can alter the development of the fetus, with a permanent effect on the child.
  • The effects of these changes do not always become obvious at once, but sometimes only show up later on.
34
Q

What Are Teratogens

A

Substances harmful to a fetus are called teratogens.

35
Q

what is a physical teratogen

A

physical or functional defects in the human embryo or fetus

36
Q

what is a behaviotal teratogen

A

the child’s intellectual and emotional functioning.

37
Q

what Factors Influence the Impact of Teratogens

A
  • Type: some teratogens are more harmful than others
  • Amount of Exposure: the effects of many teratogens depend on the dose/frequency of exposure.
  • Threshold effect: the phenomenon in which a particular teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful when exposure reaches a certain level.
  • Time of Exposure: teratogens are most harmful in early pregnancy.
  • Critical period: the time when a particular organ or body part is the most susceptible to damage
38
Q

what is Epigenetics

A
  • Epigenetic changes can also be caused by the environment and lead to differences in individual characteristics.
  • In the womb both the mother’s diet and her stress can cause epigenetic changes in the fetus.
39
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to alcohol and there a cure

A
  • Alcohol enters your bloodstream really fast and will pass into your baby through the umbilical cord and the placenta. Your placenta grows inside of your uterus and supplies the baby food and oxygen through the umbilical cord.
  • Baby may be born prematurely
  • There may be some birth defects, like affecting the development of the brain causing neurological issues
  • It may cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders like physical development, learning disabilities, etc
  • Your baby may be underweight for a newborn
  • You might have a miscarage or a stillbirth
40
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to cigarettes

A
  • Still birth
  • miscarriage
  • problems with the placenta, including early detachment from the uterine wall and blocking the cervical opening (placenta praevia)
  • premature rupture of the membranes
  • premature labour.
  • reduced oxygen supply and nutrients due to carbon monoxide and nicotine in tobacco smoke
  • slower growth and development
  • increased risk of birth defects such as cleft lip and cleft palate
  • the baby’s movements are weaker in the womb for at least an hour after smoking each cigarette
  • impaired development and working of the placenta
  • harming the development of baby’s brain and lungs.
41
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to mercury

A

from the mother to her baby include brain damage, mental retardation, blindness, seizures, muteness, and lack of coordination. Children poisoned by mercury exposure after birth may develop problems of their nervous and digestive systems, and suffer kidney damage.

42
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to listeriosis

A

Babies born with listeriosis may have serious infections of the blood or brain. Listeriosis can cause lifelong health problems for your baby, including intellectual disability, paralysis, seizures, blindness, or problems with the brain, kidneys, or heart. Listeriosis also can cause death in newborns.

  • Listeriosis also can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or preterm labor.
43
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to toxoplasmosis

A
  • Preterm birth – Birth that happens before 37 weeks of pregnancy
  • Stillbirth – When a baby dies after 20 weeks of pregnancy
  • Miscarriage – When a baby dies before 20 weeks of pregnancy
  • Eye infections or eye inflammation
  • Swollen liver and spleen
  • Jaundice (when a baby’s eyes and skin look yellow.)
  • Seizures or convulsions
  • Fluid on the brain (hydrocephalus)
  • Swollen lymph nodes
    -Large head size (macrocephaly) or smaller-than-normal head size (microcephaly)
  • Feeding problems
    • Low birthweight
  • Skin rash or bruising
  • Intellectual and developmental disabilities (problems with how the brain works that can cause your baby trouble or delays in physical development, learning, communicating, taking care of themselves or getting along with others).
  • Eye infections and vision problems
  • Pneumonia
  • Cerebral palsy (a group of conditions that affects the parts of the brain that control the muscles. It can cause problems with movement, posture,standing up straight and balance).
    -Seizures or convulsions
  • Hearing loss
44
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to chicken pox

A

Scars
Defects of muscle and bone
Malformed and paralyzed limbs
Small head size
Blindness
Seizures
Intellectual disability

45
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to lead

A
  • Increase risk for miscarriage
  • Cause the baby to be born too early or too small
  • Hurt the baby’s brain, kidneys, and nervous system
  • Cause the child to have learning or behavior problems
46
Q

what happens if a baby is exposed to extreme heat (hyperthermia)

A
  • there’s evidence that women who experience hyperthermia in the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy are at higher risk of having babies with defects of the brain or spinal cord (known as neural tube defects), such as spina bifida,
47
Q

what are the four stages of labour

A
  • first stage is when your uterus starts to contract and then relax.
  • The second stage includes pushing and ends with the birth of your baby.
  • The third stage is the delivery of your placenta.
  • The final stage is the recovery stage.
48
Q

what is the cervix

A

Your cervix is a muscular, tunnel-like organ. It’s the lower part of your uterus, and it connects your uterus and vagina

49
Q

when will a c-section happen

A
  • Prolapsed cord
  • Poor presentation
  • Mother too small
  • Baby too big
  • Placenta praevia
  • Placenta abruption
  • Fetal distress
  • Mother or child cannot tolerate labour
  • STDs
  • Previous C-section
50
Q

what is footling breech

A

when the feet of the baby are facing the vaginal canal

51
Q
A

Human growth and development (1 decks)

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