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IGCSE BIO > Characteristics and classification of living organisms > Flashcards

Characteristics and classification of living organisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

The taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
Plant require light, CO2, H2O and ions. Animals need organic compounds and ions and H2O.

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2
Q

Excretion

A

The removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration),toxic materials and substances that are in excess of requirements

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3
Q

Respiration

A

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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4
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and make appropriate responses.

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

The processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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6
Q

Growth

A

A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an icrease in cell number or cell size or both

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7
Q

Movement

A

An action by an organism causing a change of position and place

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8
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offfspring

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9
Q

Binomial system

A

An internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and the species

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10
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the form, or outward appearance, of organisms.

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11
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of their internal structure, as revealed by dissection.

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12
Q

Cladistics

A

the process of biological classification.

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13
Q

DNA in classification (6)

A

The use of DNA has revolutionised the process of classification.

Eukaryotic organisms contain chromosomes made up of strings of genes.

DNA is made up of a sequence of bases, coding for amino acids and proteins.

Each species has a distinct number of chromosomes and a unique sequence of bases in it DNA, making it identifiable and distinguishable from other species.

This helps when different species are very similar morphologically and anatomically.

Organisms which share a more recent ancestor (more closely related) have DNA base sequences that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor.

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14
Q

All living organisms have certain features in common (3)

A

Cytoplasm, cell membranes, DNA as genetic material.

Also contain ribosomes (in the cytoplasm), floating freely or attached to membranes called rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and enzymes involved in respiration

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15
Q

Plant Kingdom 4

A

Multicellular

Cell wall made up of cellulose

Contains chloroplasts with photosynthetic pigments

Make their own food by photosynthesis

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16
Q

Animal Kingdom 3

A

Multi cellular

No cell wall or chloroplasts

Ingest solid food and digest it internally

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17
Q

5 kingdoms

A

Animal, plant, fungi, protoctista, prokaryotes (bacteria)

18
Q

Ferns

A

Produces gametes but not seeds

Reproduce through spores

19
Q

Monocotyledon

A

Leaf long and narrow
Leaf veins parallel
One cotyledon
Grouping of flower parts in threes

20
Q

Dicotyledon

A

Leaf shape broad
Leaf veins branching
2 cotyledons
Grouping of flower parts in fives

21
Q

vertebrates (5) and invertebrates (7)

A 
Coelenterates, 
Flatworms, 
Nematode worms,
Annelids, 
Arthropods, 
Molluscs, 
Echinoderms, 
Fish,
Ambphibians, 
Reptiles, 
Birds, 
Mammals
22
Q

4 arthropod groups

A

Insects
Arachnids
Crustacesa
Myriapods

23
Q

Insects (5)

A

3 pairs of legs

Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen

1 pair of antennae

1 pair of compund eyes

Usually 2 pairs of wings
Ex: Dragonfly or wasps

24
Q

Arachnids (4)

A

Eg spider, tick

4 pair of legs

Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen

Several pairs of simple eyes

Chelicerae for biting and poisoning prey

25
Q

Crustacea (5)

A

Eg: crab, woodlouse

5 or more pair of legs

Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen

2 pairs of antennae

1 pair of compund eyes

Exoskeleton often calcified to form a carapace (hard)

26
Q

Myriapods (4)

A

Eg centipede, milipede

10 or more pair of legs

Body not obvioulsly divided into thorax and abdomen

Simple eyes

1 pair of antennae

27
Q

Arthropods features (4)

A

Invertebrates

Waterproof exoskeleton (canexist in very dry places and are not confined to water or moist places like most invertebrates)

Segmented body

Jointed limbs (exoskeleton would prevent movement)

28
Q

Annelids

A

Segemented worms with soft bodies

Eg: earthworms

29
Q

Nematodes

A

Tiny thin worms without segments

Some are parasites that cause disease

Eg: hookworms

30
Q

Molluscs

A

Usually have broad muscular foot and may also have a shell

Eg: snails, slugs, squids, and octopuses

31
Q

Fish (6)

A

Eg: Herring, perch, sharks

Scales

Fins

Produce jelly-covered eggs in water

Eyes, no ears, lateral line along body for detection vibrations in water

Cold blooded, gills for breathing

32
Q

Amphibia (6)

A

Eg: frog, toad, newt

Moist skin

4 limbs, back feet (for swimming)

Produce jelly-covered eggs in water

Eyes, ears

Cold blooded, lungs and skin for breathing

33
Q

Reptiles (6)

A

Eg: lizard, snake

Dry skin with scales

4 legs (apart from snakes)

Produce eggs with a rubbery, waterproof shell; laid on land

Eys ears

Cold blooded, lungs for breathing

34
Q

Birds (6)

A

Eg: Robin, pigeon, flamingo

Feathers, scales on legs

Wings, 2 legs

Eggs with hard shells

Eyes and ears

Warm blooded, lungs for breathing, beak

35
Q

Mammals

A

Eg: mouse, humans elephant

Fur

4 limbs

Produce live young

Eyes, ears with a pinna (external flap)

Warm blooded
Lungs for breathing
Demales have mammary glands to produce milk to feed young,
4 types of teeth

36
Q

Vertebrate defintion

A

Vertebrates are animals which have a vertebral column called the spinal column or just the spine and consists of a chain of cylindrical bones joined end to end.

37
Q

Cold and warm blooded

A

Poikilothermic (variable temperature) cold blooded.

Homoiothermic (constant temperature) warm blooded.

38
Q

Fungi Kingdom (5)

A

Made up of thread-like hyphae, rather than cells.

Many nuclei distributed throughout the cytoplasm in their hyphae.

Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi that grow on tree trunks.

Mould fungi which grow on stale bread, cheese, fruit or other food.

The yeasts are single-celled fungi.

39
Q

The prokaryote kingdom (10)

A

Bacteria and blue-green algae.

Consist of single cells.

Different to other single-cell organisms because their chromosomes are not organised into a nucleus.

Bacteria are very small organisms.

Cell walls are made, of cellulose, but of a complex mixture of proteins, sugars and lipids.

Some bacteria have a slime capsule outside their cell wall.

Cytoplasm may contain granules of glycogen, lipid and other food reserves .

Each bacterial cell contains a single chromosome, consisting of a circular strand of DNA.

The chromosome is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane but is coiled up to occupy part of the cell.

Flagella can flick and move the cell about.

40
Q

The protoctist kingdom (4)

A

Single-celled (unicellular) organisms

Their chromosomes enclosed in a nuclear membrane to form a nucleus.

Euglena, possess chloroplasts and make their food by photosynthesis. Often referred to as unicellular ‘plants’ or

Amoeba and Paramecium, take in and digest solid food. May be called unicellular ‘animals’ or

41
Q

Viruses (8)

A

Have a central core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat.

No nucleus, cytoplasm, cell organelles or cell membrane.

Virus particles therefore are not cells.

Do not feed, respire, excrete or grow.

Do reproduce, but only inside the cells of living organisms, using materials provided by the host cell.

The nucleic acid core is a coiled single strand of RNA.

The coat is made up of regularly packed protein units called capsomeres each containing many protein molecules.

The protein coat is called a capsid.

42
Q

Taxonomic rank

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

IGCSE BIO (1 decks)

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