Characteristics

Question 1

Phobia - behavioural

Answer 1

Panic - may panic in response to a the presence of a phobic stimulus
( may consist of crying, screaming , running away)

Avoidance - unless the sufferer makes a conscious effort to face their fear they tend to go to effort to avoid facing it
( can make it hard to go about daily life)

Endurance - sufferer remains in the presence of the phobic stimulus but continues to experience high levels of anxiety.

Question 2

Phobias - Emotional

Answer 2

Anxiety - they involve an emotional response of anxiety and fear.
Anxiety prevents the sufferer from relaxing

Question 3

Phobia - Cognitive

Answer 3

Selective attention to the phobic stimulus - if a sufferer sees the phobic stimulus it is hard to look away from it.

Keeping our attention on something really dangerous gives us the best chance of being able to react to the threat.

Irrational beliefs - a phobic may hold irrational beliefs to the phobic stimuli

Cognitive distortions - phobics perceptions of the stimulus may be distorted

Question 4

OCD - behavioural

Answer 4

Compulsions
1- compulsions are repetitive - compelled to repeat a behaviour
2- compulsions reduce anxiety - general sense of irrational anxiety

Avoidance - attempt to reduce anxiety by keeping away from situations that trigger it

Question 5

OCD - emotional

Answer 5

Anxiety and distress - powerful anxiety accompanied both obsessions and compulsions → obsessive thought

Accompanying depression - OCD often accompanied by depression

Guilt and Disgust - involves other negative emotions such as irrational guilt

Question 6

OCD cognitive

Answer 6

Obsessive thoughts - vary considerably from person to person but are always unpleasant
Examples ( contaminations of dirt / certainty that a door was left unlocked)

Cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions - also respond by cognitive coping strategies which may help the individual manage the anxiety and distract them from everyday tasks

Insight into excessive anxiety - OCD sufferers experience catastrophic thoughts about the worst case scenario they may result in if their anxieties were justified

Question 7

Depression - behavioural

Answer 7

Activity levels - sufferers of depression
Reduced activity levels → lethargic
Has a knock on effect with sufferers tending to withdraw from work , education / social life

Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour - may experience reduced sleep ( insomnia) or increased sleep. Similarly eating may increase / decrease

Agression and self harm - sufferers are often irritable/ verbally or physically aggressive having serious knock on effects.
Can also lead to physical aggression such as self- harm and suicide

Question 8

Depressional - emotional

Answer 8

Lower mood - emotional element of depression daily kind of experience feeling lethargic and sad / persistent intense sadness

Anger - frequently experience anger directed at self or others and can lead to self harming behaviour

Lowered self esteem - like themselves less than usual

Question 9

Depression - cognitive

Answer 9

Poor concentration - find themselves unable to stick with a task or unable to make decisions

Attending to and dwelling on the negative - pay more attention to the negatives have a bias towards recalling unhappy events

Absolutist thinking - ‘ black and white ‘ thinking