characteristics

Question 1

mammalian trends

Answer 1

endothermy, sensory specialization, heterodont dentition, skeletal simplification, dentary-squamosal jaw joint, lactation, increased paternal care, and increased brain development

Question 2

mammary glands

Answer 2

glandular ducts found in all mammals ending in a teat, nipple, or hair tuft

Question 3

milk production

Answer 3

females begin making colostrum during pregnancy and volume increases post pregnancy

Question 4

colostrum

Answer 4

very first milk high in nutrients

Question 5

lactogenesis 1

Answer 5

production of colostrum and beggining of milk production pre-birth

Question 6

lactogenesis 2

Answer 6

increase to full volume of milk occurring 30-40 hours post-birth; cued by abrupt draw of progesterone in the presence of high prolactin

Question 7

lactogenesis 3

Answer 7

autocrine control of milk production aka maintenance stage; controlled by removal at the mammary tissue; will continue indefinitely as long as removal continues

Question 8

progesterone

Answer 8

hormone in high levels prior to birth that inhibits lactation and colostrum; drops immediately after birth

Question 9

estrogen

Answer 9

hormone present before birth that stimulates growth of milk duct system; drops post birth

Question 10

prolactin

Answer 10

hormone that regulates milk production during lactation; increases post birth

Question 11

oxytocin

Answer 11

hormone present post birth that stimulates smooth muscle to release milk

Question 12

sweat glands

Answer 12

exocrine skin glands present in all mammals

Question 13

sebaceous glands

Answer 13

exocrine skin glands that can be highly specialized for things such as skunk spary

Question 14

hair

Answer 14

dead epidermal cells with keratin; have an outer layer of cuticular scales; color determined by melanin; likely developed in therapsid reptiles

Question 15

pelage

Answer 15

coat of hair providing insulation; has a variety of coloration

Question 16

countershading

Answer 16

pelage that is lighter on the bottom and darker on the top

Question 17

camoflage

Answer 17

pelage colors that blend into the envrionment

Question 18

disruptive coloration

Answer 18

pelage with loud colors or patterns for distraction

Question 19

warning coloration

Answer 19

pelage that sticks out as a warning of poison or other defense mechanisms

Question 20

adipose tissue

Answer 20

fat storage tissue serving as energy storage, a source of heat, and thermal insulation

Question 21

brown adipose

Answer 21

metabollically active fat storage

Question 22

white adipose

Answer 22

non-metabolically active fat storage; blubber

Question 23

respiratory system

Answer 23

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts

Question 24

alveoli

Answer 24

very thin blind ended sacs in the lungs

Question 25

diaphragm

Answer 25

sheet of muscle and tendon that separates the body cavity into 2 sections; aids in ventilation

Question 26

eutherian female reproductive system

Answer 26

2 ovaries that produce ova, 2 ovaducts or fallopian tubes, 1 or 2 uteruses, 1 or 2 cervixes, 1 vagina

Question 27

protherian female reproductive systems

Answer 27

lay eggs through a cloaca

Question 28

metatherians female reproductive systems

Answer 28

dual vaginal canals and ureters meet at the reproductive tract

Question 29

estrous

Answer 29

period of brief receptivity briefly before and after ovulation

Question 30

mono-estrous

Answer 30

have one fertile period per year

Question 31

polyestrous

Answer 31

multiple fertile periods per year

Question 32

male reproductive systems

Answer 32

penis or boned baculum, testes internal or in scrotum, 2 epididymis, 2 vas deferens, 1 urethra, accessory glands add secretions to sperm to make semen. prostate

Question 33

placenta

Answer 33

fusion of parental and fetal tissue; transfers nutrients and gases between the 2

Question 34

choriovitelline

Answer 34

type of placenta common in marsupials; has greatly enlarged yolk sac, limited nutrition from uterine lining, very weak connection between mom and young, short gestation and long lactation, superficial blastocysts on the endometrium

Question 35

chorioallantoic

Answer 35

type of placenta where the blastocyst adheres to and sinks into the endometrium creating a very strong and highly vascular connection, chorionic villi connect from the endometrium, has 3 membranes: chorion, allantois, amnion

Question 36

corpus callosum

Answer 36

found in all mammals, allows the 2 hemispheres of the brain to function together

Question 37

olfaction

Answer 37

olfactory receptors distributed across mucosal surfaces of the mesethmoid and vomeronasal organ areas