Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Experimental Psychology > Chapther 1,3-6 > Flashcards

Chapther 1,3-6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
0
Q

Priori method

A

A belief that develops as a result of logical argument, before a person has direct experience with the phenomenon at hand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the source we judge and accept the validity to be expected in?

A

AUTHORITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Empiricism

A

learning progress through direct observation/ experience, and reflection on theses experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The difficulty of our experiences that are necessarily limited, interpretations can be by numerous__________?

A

Social cognition bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Unwillingness to consider evidence that contradicts a strongly held view; similar to peirce’s principle of tenacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search out or pay special attention to information that supports ones beliefs while ignoring information that contradicts a belief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Occurs when one experiences unusual or familiar events then, overestimate how often such events typically occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The most reliable way to develop a belief is through ______?

A

Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Science______ allow us to know __________ , whose characters independent of our opinions about them.

A

Procedures……real things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Determinism

A

Assumptionthat all events have causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Discoverability

A

Assumption made that causes of events can be explained by scientific methods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Objectivity

A

When observations can be verified by more than one observer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Introspection

A

Method that individuals complete a task then describe events occurring while performing the task.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Data driven

A

Research belief; conclusions about behavior should be supported by data collected scientifically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Empirical questions

A

; answered by observation and techniques that characterize scientific methodology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

Evidence from a single case that illustrates a phenomenon ; in pseudoscience conclusion drawn easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effort justification

A

The amount effort given causes people to feel pressured to convince themselves the effort was worthwhile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Description

A

behaviors are adequately classified and behavioral events are accurately listed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explanation

A

A goal of science in which the causes of events are sought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Application

A

A goal of science which basic principle discovered through scientific methods are applied to solve problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Predictions

A

statements about the future occurrence of behavioral. Events are made , usually with probability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Laws

A

Predictable relationships between events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ethics

A

Set of standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Critical incidents

A

used by ethics committee to surveys psychologist and ask for examples of unethical behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Applied research

A

Direct and immediate relevance to the solution of real -world problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Basic reasearch

A

Research concerning description, predicting, and explaining fundamental principles of behavior and mental progress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Labortary research

A

Control conditioned studies ; be specified more precisely and partisans can be selected to differnt conditions of the study ; systematic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Field research

A

Environment dependent;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mundane realism

A

How closely a study mirrors real life experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Experimental realism

A

The depth to which participants become involved in the experiment ; considered more important than mundane realism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Confederate

A

A subject in an experiment , who’s a part of the experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Manipulation check

A

Debriefing ; procedure to determine if subjects were aware of a deception experiment true purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pilot study

A

Initial stages of research ; data is collected , any problems spotted researcher can refine and prevent anymore flaws in full scale study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Qualitative research

A

Narrative analysis of information collected in the study ; can include case studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Quantitative research

A

Results are presented as numbers , typically in the form of descriptive and inferential stats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Operationism

A

Philosophy that scientific concepts should be defined in terms of set operations to be preformed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Operational definitions

A

Definition of concept/ variable ; describes procedure, measures , or operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Converging operations

A

Occurs when the results of several studies , each employing slightly different operational def, ; coverage same conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Serendipity

A

Discovering something while looking for something else entirely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Theroy

A

Set of logically consistent statements about some phenomenon, summarizing and organizing existing information .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Construct

A

Hypothetical factor that is not observed directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Deduction

A

Reasoning from general to specific ; used when deriving research hypothesis from theroies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Induction

A

Logical process of reasoning from specific events to general events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Productivity

A

Good therioes, advanced knowledge by generating a great deal of research , an attribute that can be applied to dissonance study.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Falsification

A

Research strategy , that emphasis putting theories to the test by trying to disprove or falsify them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Parsimonious

A

Describing a theory that includes the minimum number of constructs and assumptions in order to explain and predict some phenomenon adequately.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Programs of research

A

Series of interrelated studies in which the outcome leads to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Research teams

A

A group group of people working on same research problem

48
Q

Replication

A

The duplication of an experiment

49
Q

Extension

A

A replication of prior study that includes additional features

50
Q

Partial replication

A

Repeats a portion of some prior research

51
Q

Creative thinking

A

A process of making an innovative connection between seemingly unrelated ideas or events

52
Q

Realiable

A

If results are repeatable when the behaviors are re measured

53
Q

Valid

A

If it measures what it is designed to measure

54
Q

Content validity

A

Concerns if actual content or not is making sense in terms of the construct being measured

55
Q

Face validity

A

Not a valid form ! ; concerns if measure SEEMS valid to those who are taking it. The point is to make participants treat like a serious matter

56
Q

Criterion validity

A

If measure is accurately forecasting some future behavior or meaningfully related to other measure of behavior

57
Q

Construct validity

A

The adequacy of a tested construct and it directly connects with familiar construct

58
Q

Convergent validity

A

When scores are correlated to a designed measure ( ie self esteem) on other test theoretically related to the construct

59
Q

Discriminate validity

A

When scores are Uncorrelated to a designed measure ( ie self esteem) on other test theoretically related to the construct

60
Q

Measurement scales

A

4 ways of assigning numbers to events

61
Q

Nominal scale

A

Classify numbers; ie who more likely to volunteer females or males? F=44 m=10

62
Q

Ordinal scale

A

Ranking numbers; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th…etc

63
Q

Interval scale

A

Equal interval between ordered events; ie on highways the mile signs or numbered exits

64
Q

Ratio scale

A

Has true zero point; measures height, weight, time

65
Q

Population

A

All members of defined group

66
Q

Sample

A

Subset of that defined group

67
Q

Descriptive stats

A

Summarizes data collected from sample of study

68
Q

Inferential stats

A

Draw conclusion about your data that can be applied to wider population

69
Q

Standard deviation

A

Set of sample scores in an estimate of average amount by which scores deviate from the mean score

70
Q

Variance

A

Number produced by standard deviation calculation

71
Q

Null hypothesis

A

No difference;

72
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

Outcome hoping to find out

73
Q

Type 1error

A

Rejecting null when it’s true

74
Q

Type 2 error

A

FAIL to reject null ; didn’t find significant effect in the study

75
Q

Error variance

A

Non- systematic variability due to individual differences between two groups and unpredictable effects that occur during study

76
Q

Systematic variance

A

Factor experimentor failed to control adequately

77
Q

Effect size

A

Provides an estimate of the magnitude of the difference among set scores / taking in account amount of variability in scores

78
Q

Meta-analysis

A

The combined results ( effect sizes) of experiments that used same variable to get a significant result

79
Q

Power

A

Chances of finding a significant difference when null is false , alpha dependent, effect size, and sample size

80
Q

Independent variable

A

Factor if interest to experimentor; the one being studied.

81
Q

Experiment

A

Directly varies some factor to hold all other factors constant

82
Q

Situational variables

A

Features in the environment that participants might encounter

83
Q

Task variables

A

Independent variable type: participants are given different types of task to preform

84
Q

Instructional variables

A

Participants are given different sets of instructions about how to preform .

85
Q

Experimental group

A

First situation where treatment is present

86
Q

Control group

A

Treatment is withheld; being evaluated in study

Comparison means

87
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables of no interest to researcher ; might influence behavior being studied

88
Q

Confound

A

Any uncontrolled extraneous variable that disrupts the independent variable ; creates alternative explanation of results

89
Q

Dependent variable

A

Used to describe behaviors that measure outcomes of experiments

90
Q

Subject variables

A

Independent variable type: is selected rather than manipulated by experimenter.

91
Q

Statistical conclusion validity

A

Is when researcher uses stats properly and draws appropriate conclusions from the analysis

92
Q

External validity

A

Extent to the findings of a. Study generalized to other populations, other settings, and other times.

93
Q

Internal validity

A

Degree of experiment is methodologically sound and confound free

94
Q

Subject selection effects

A

Threat to internal validity of study. When participants can’t be randomly assigned to groups. Not equal groups

95
Q

Attrition

A

Threat to internal validity ; participant fail to complete study

96
Q

Regression to the mean

A

If scores on test are extremely high or low ; if pretext scores are extremely different to pots test scores

97
Q

Between -subjects design

A

Experimental design in which different groups of participants serve in the different conditions of study

98
Q

Within subject design

A

Experimental design in which participants SERVE in each condition of the study

99
Q

Random assignment

A

Uses volunteers in the study

100
Q

Random selection

A

Picking non volunteering people at random to be part of study

101
Q

Matching

A

Procedure to create equal groups ; dependent variable

102
Q

Matching variable

A

Variable selected for matching participants in a matching groups study

103
Q

Order effect

A

Occur within subjects design; participation in one study influences performance in another condition

104
Q

Carryover effect

A

Systematic changes in performance occur as result of completing one sequence of conditions rather than a different sequence

105
Q

Progress effect

A

Within subjects design; order effect which the accumulated effects are assumed to be the same from trial to trial

106
Q

Counter balancing

A

To control order effects use more than one sequence

107
Q

Complete counterbalancing

A

Every possible sequence will be used at once

108
Q

Partial counter balancing

A

When subset of all possible orders of conditions is used in a within subject design

109
Q

Cross- sectional study

A

Design in which age is independent variable and different groups of people are tested ; each group is diff age

110
Q

Longitudinal study

A

A design in which age is independent and same group of people are tested repeatedly AT diff ages

111
Q

Cohort effects

A

Group of people born about the same time

112
Q

Cohort sequential design

A

Design that combines cross sectional and longitudinal designs ; studied periodically

113
Q

Experiment bias

A

Experimenters expectations about study affect outcome

114
Q

Double blind

A

Participants and experimenter are not included in the actual intention and factors being tested in experiment

115
Q

Single blind

A

Only participants are not made aware of what I actually being tested/ observed

116
Q

Protocols

A

Description of research procedure

117
Q

Subject bias

A

Subjects behavior is influenced by their beliefs about how they are supposed to behave in study

Ex Hawthorne effect

Experimental Psychology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions