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Apes > Chapther 1 > Flashcards

Chapther 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biosphere

A

the region of our planet where life resides, the combination of all ecosystems on earth

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2
Q

Producer (autotroph)

A

an organism that uses the energy of the sun to produce usable forms of energy

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3
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide and water

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6
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

the process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen

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7
Q

Consumer (heterotroph)

A

an organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms

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8
Q

Herbivore (primary consumer)

A

a consumer that eats producers

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9
Q

Carnivore

A

consumers that eats other consumers

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10
Q

Secondary consumer

A

a carnivore that eats primary consumers

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11
Q

Tertiary consumer

A

a carnivore that eats secondary consumers

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12
Q

Trophic levels

A

the successive levels of organisms consuming one another

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13
Q

Food chain

A

the sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers

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14
Q

Food web

A

a complex model of how energy and matter move between trophic levels

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15
Q

Scavenger

A

an organism that consumes dead animals

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16
Q

Detritivore

A

an organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles

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17
Q

Decomposers

A

fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem

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18
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

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19
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP)

A

the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire

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20
Q

Biomass

A

the total mass of all living matter in a specific area

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21
Q

Standing crop

A

the amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time

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22
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another

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23
Q

Trophic pyramid

A

a representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels

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24
Q

Biogeochemical cycle

A

the movements of matter within and between ecosystems

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25
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

the movement of water through the biosphere

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26
Q

Transpiration

A

the release of water from leaves during photosynthesis

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27
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

the combined amount of evaporation and transpiration

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28
Q

Runoff

A

water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers

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29
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

the movement of carbon around the biosphere

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30
Q

Macronutrient

A

one of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts; N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

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31
Q

Limiting nutrients

A

a nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients

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32
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

the movement of N around the biosphere

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33
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

the process that converts nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N2) into forms of N that producers can use

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34
Q

Nitrification

A

the conversion of ammonia (NH4+) into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-)

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35
Q

Assimilation

A

the process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues

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36
Q

Mineralization

A

the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into organic compounds

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37
Q

Ammonification

A

the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic N found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium (NH4+)

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38
Q

Denitrification

A

the conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and eventually N gas (N2) which is emitted into the atmosphere

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39
Q

Leaching

A

the transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater

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40
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

the movement of P around the biosphere

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41
Q

Algal bloom

A

a rapid increase in the algal population of a waterway

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42
Q

Hypoxic

A

low oxygen

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43
Q

Dead zone

A

when oxygen concentrations become so low that it kills fish and other aquatic life

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44
Q

Sulfur cycle

A

the movement of sulfur in the biosphere

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45
Q

Disturbance

A

an event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition

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46
Q

Resistance

A

a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem

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47
Q

Resilience

A

the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance

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48
Q

Restoration ecology

A

the study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems

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49
Q

Watershed

A

all land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland

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50
Q

Troposphere

A

a layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending approximately 16km (10 miles)

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51
Q

Stratosphere

A

the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16-50km (10-31 miles) above the earth’s surface

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52
Q

Albedo

A

the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface

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53
Q

Saturation point

A

the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature

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54
Q

Adiabatic cooling

A

the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands

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55
Q

Adiabatic heating

A

the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of earth and decreases in volume

56
Q

Latent heat release

A

the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water

57
Q

Atmospheric convection current

A

global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth

58
Q

Hadley cell

A

a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30° N and 30° S

59
Q

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

A

the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge

60
Q

Polar cell

A

a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60°N and 60°S and sinks at the poles 90°N and 90°S

61
Q

Ferrell cell

A

a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells

62
Q

Coriolis effect

A

the deflection of an object’s path due to the rotation of earth

63
Q

Rain shadow

A

a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side

64
Q

Gyre

A

a large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

65
Q

Upwelling

A

the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents

66
Q

Thermohaline circulation

A

an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

67
Q

El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

a reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific

68
Q

Terrestrial biome

A

a geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land

69
Q

Aquatic biome

A

an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow.

70
Q

Habitat

A

an area where a particular species lives in nature

71
Q

Tundra

A

a cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation

72
Q

Permafrost

A

an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil

73
Q

Boreal forest

A

a forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons

74
Q

Temperate rainforest

A

a coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation

75
Q

Temperate seasonal forest

A

a biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1m (39in) of precipitation annually

76
Q

Woodland/shrubland

A

a biome characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters

77
Q

Temperate grassland/cold desert

A

a biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers

78
Q

Tropical rainforest

A

a warm and wet biome found between 20° N and 20° S of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation

79
Q

Tropical seasonal forest/savanna

A

a biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons

80
Q

Subtropical desert

A

a biome prevailing at approximately 30 N and 30 S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation

81
Q

Littoral zone

A

the shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants grow

82
Q

Limnetic zone

A

a zone of open water in lakes and ponds

83
Q

Phytoplankton

A

floating algae

84
Q

Benthic zone

A

muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean

85
Q

Profundal zone

A

a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes

86
Q

Oligotrophic

A

describes a lake with a low level of productivity

87
Q

Mesotrophic

A

describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity

88
Q

Eutrophic

A

describes a lake with a high level of productivity

89
Q

Freshwater wetland

A

an aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation

90
Q

Salt marsh

A

a marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates

91
Q

Estuary

A

an area along the coast where the freshwater of rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean

92
Q

Mangrove swamp

A

a swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts, and contains salt-tolerant trees with roots submerged in water

93
Q

Intertidal zone

A

the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide

94
Q

Coral reef

A

the most diverse marine biome on earth, found in warm water, shallow waters beyond the shoreline

95
Q

Coral bleaching

A

a phenomenon in which algae inside coral die, causing the corals to turn white

96
Q

Open ocean

A

deep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom

97
Q

Photic zone

A

the upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis

98
Q

Aphotic zone

A

the deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis

99
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

a process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide

100
Q

Species richness

A

the number of species in a given area

101
Q

Species evenness

A

the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

102
Q

Phylogeny

A

the branching pattern of evolutionary relationships

103
Q

Evolution

A

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time

104
Q

Microevolution

A

evolution below the species level

105
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla

106
Q

Gene

A

a physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism

107
Q

Genotype

A

the complete set of genes in an individual

108
Q

Phenotype

A

a set of traits expressed by an individual

109
Q

Mutation

A

a random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process

110
Q

Recombination

A

the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division

111
Q

Evolution by artificial selection

A

the process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind

112
Q

Evolution by natural selection

A

the process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce

113
Q

Fitness-

A

an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

114
Q

Adaptation

A

a trait that improves an individual’s fitness

115
Q

Gene flow

A

the process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition or both populations

116
Q

Genetic drift

A

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating

117
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size

118
Q

Extinction

A

the death of the last member of a species

119
Q

Founder effect

A

a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals

120
Q

Geographic isolation

A

physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species

121
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation

122
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

the result of two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring

123
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

the evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation

124
Q

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species

125
Q

Range of tolerance

A

the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate

126
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce.

127
Q

Realized niche

A

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives

128
Q

Distribution

A

areas of the world in which a species lives

129
Q

Niche generalist

A

a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions

130
Q

Niche specialist

A

a species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species.

131
Q

Mass extinction

A

a large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time

132
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analyze
Test Results

133
Q

What factors come to play in the range of tolerance?

A

Habitats, rainfall, humidity, salinity, ph level

134
Q

The amount of solar energy varies: this concerns the seasons.

A

1st reason - the angle the sun’s rays strike the earth
2nd reason - variation in the amount of surface area which the sun’s rays are distributed
3rd reason - some areas of earth reflect more solar energy than others

135
Q

Properties that determine how air circulates

A

1st property: density
2nd property: temperature
3rd property: pressure
4th property: water vapor

136
Q

Human impacts on ecosystems

A

Overharvesting, Overfishing, Humans, invasive species, destroying of habitat.

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