Chapters 9-15 Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is false or incorrect?
Select one:
a. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
b. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
c. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal
A
c. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal
2
Q
Myoglobin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. breaks down glycogen b. produces the end plate potential c. is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP d. stores oxygen in muscle cells
A
d. stores oxygen in muscle cells
3
Q
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.
Select one:
a. positively charged and contains more sodium
b. negatively charged and contains less sodium
c. negatively charged and contains more sodium
d. positively charged and contains less sodium
A
b. negatively charged and contains less sodium
4
Q
Select the correct statement about serial processing.
Select one:
a. Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.
b. Smells are processed by serial pathways.
c. Memories are triggered by serial processing.
d. Input travels along several different pathways.
A
a. Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.
5
Q
Which of the following is not a member of the hamstrings? Select one: a. semimembranosus b. biceps femoris c. gracilis d. semitendinosus
A
c. gracilis
6
Q
Which of the following best describes the orbicularis oris?.
Select one:
a. It allows blinking, squinting, and various other protective mechanisms for the eye.
b. It pulls the lower lip down and back.
c. It closes, purses, and protrudes the lips.
d. It draws the eyebrows together.
A
c. It closes, purses, and protrudes the lips.
7
Q
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?
Select one:
a. responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
c. senses changes in the environment
A
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
8
Q
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. ion b. cholinesterase c. biogenic amine d. neurotransmitter
A
d. neurotransmitter
9
Q
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. Schwann cells b. microglia c. astrocytes d. oligodendrocytes
A
c. astrocytes
10
Q
Which of these is not a way of classifying muscles? Select one: a. muscle shape b. muscle location c. the type of action they cause d. the type of muscle fibers
A
d. the type of muscle fibers
11
Q
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. generator potential b. action potential c. excitatory potential d. postsynaptic potential
A
a. generator potential
12
Q
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? Select one: a. amino acid b. ATP and other purines c. acetycholine d. nucleic acid e. biogenic amine
A
d. nucleic acid
13
Q
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? Select one: a. norepinephrine b. cholinesterase c. acetylcholine d. gamma aminobutyric acid
A
c. acetylcholine
14
Q
A cute, little curly-haired child is sitting behind you in church. You turn around for a moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use? Select one: a. orbicularis oris b. genioglossus c. hyoglossus d. stylohyoid
A
b. genioglossus
15
Q
Which of the following muscles does not act in plantar flexion? Select one: a. tibialis posterior b. popliteus c. flexor digitorum longus d. gastrocnemius and soleus
A
b. popliteus
16
Q
What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called? Select one: a. the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. a myofilament c. a myofibril d. a sarcomere
A
d. a sarcomere
17
Q
What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? Select one: a. ependymal cells b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. Schwann cells
A
a. ependymal cells
18
Q
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. generator potential b. action potential c. excitatory potential d. postsynaptic potential
A
a. generator potential
19
Q
A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling. What is this muscle called? Select one: a. buccinator b. masseter c. platysma d. zygomaticus
A
a. buccinator
20
Q
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? Select one: a. sodium b. calcium c. chloride d. potassium
A
d. potassium
21
Q
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. Schwann cells b. microglia c. astrocytes d. oligodendrocytes
A
c. astrocytes
22
Q
Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles?
Select one:
a. They move the pharynx superiorly during swallowing.
b. They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.
c. They are often called strap muscles.
d. They depress the larynx and hyoid bone if the mandible is fixed.
A
b. They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.
23
Q
Paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee? Select one: a. brachioradialis b. gluteal muscles c. hamstring muscles d. soleus
A
c. hamstring muscles
24
Q
Muscle tone is ________.
Select one:
a. a state of sustained partial contraction
b. the feeling of well-being following exercise
c. the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
d. the condition of athletes after intensive training
A
a. a state of sustained partial contraction
25
Which of the following is false or incorrect?
Select one:
a. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
b. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
c. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
a. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
26
Which of the following statements is false or incorrect?
Select one:
a. Cardiac muscle fibers can use lactic acid to make ATP.
b. Under normal resting conditions, cardiac muscle tissue contracts and relaxes about 75 times per minute.
c. Cardiac muscle contracts when stimulated by its own autorhythmic muscle cells.
d. Cardiac muscle fibers depend mostly on anaerobic cellular respiration to generate ATP.
d. Cardiac muscle fibers depend mostly on anaerobic cellular respiration to generate ATP.
27
```
Which of the choices below is the major muscle for breathing?
Select one:
a. diaphragm
b. rectus abdominis
c. temporalis
d. latissimus dorsi
```
a. diaphragm
28
```
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?
Select one:
a. amino acid
b. nucleic acid
c. acetycholine
d. ATP and other purines
e. biogenic amine
```
b. nucleic acid
29
What do the geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and stylohyoid muscles have in common?
Select one:
a. All names reflect direction of muscle fibers.
b. Each acts synergistically to elevate the jaw.
c. All act on the tongue.
d. All names indicate the relative size of the muscle.
c. All act on the tongue.
30
```
Adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis are parts of a large muscle mass of the ________.
Select one:
a. posterior muscle group of the thigh
b. medial compartment of the thigh
c. anterior compartment of the thigh
d. lateral rotators
```
b. medial compartment of the thigh
31
```
Which group of muscles flexes and rotates the neck?
Select one:
a. the iliocostalis
b. the splenius
c. the scalenes
d. the spinalis
```
c. the scalenes
32
The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.
Select one:
a. the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments
b. actin and myosin shortening but not sliding past each other
c. the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past
d. actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
d. actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
33
```
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
Select one:
a. found in ganglia
b. called neuroglial cells
c. motor neurons
d. found in the retina of the eye
```
d. found in the retina of the eye
34
Which of the choices below describes the ANS?
Select one:
a. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
b. sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
c. sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
d. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
d. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
35
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?
Select one:
a. responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
c. senses changes in the environment
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
36
What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell?
Select one:
a. the arrangement of myofilaments
b. the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
d. the T tubules
a. the arrangement of myofilaments
37
```
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. postsynaptic potential
b. generator potential
c. action potential
d. excitatory potential
```
b. generator potential
38
```
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. Schwann cell
b. dendrite
c. neurolemma
d. axon
```
d. axon
39
```
Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are ________.
Select one:
a. red muscles
b. white muscles
c. multiunit muscles
d. single-unit muscles
```
c. multiunit muscles
40
```
What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?
Select one:
a. ependymal cells
b. oligodendrocytes
c. astrocytes
d. Schwann cells
```
a. ependymal cells
41
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.
Select one:
a. positively charged and contains more sodium
b. negatively charged and contains less sodium
c. negatively charged and contains more sodium
d. positively charged and contains less sodium
b. negatively charged and contains less sodium
42
```
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
Select one:
a. nuclei
b. ganglia
c. tracts
d. nerves
```
b. ganglia
43
Which of the choices below describes the ANS?
Select one:
a. sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
b. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
c. sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
d. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
d. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
44
Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise?
Select one:
a. increase in the number of muscle cells
b. increase in the number of myofibrils within the muscle cells
c. increase in the efficiency of the circulatory system
d. increase in the efficiency of the respiratory system
a. increase in the number of muscle cells
45
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?
Select one:
a. responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
c. senses changes in the environment
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
46
```
Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh?
Select one:
a. vastus medialis
b. biceps
c. soleus
d. iliopsoas and rectus femoris
```
d. iliopsoas and rectus femoris
47
```
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?
Select one:
a. amino acid
b. ATP and other purines
c. acetycholine
d. nucleic acid
e. biogenic amine
```
d. nucleic acid
48
```
A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. synergist
b. fixator
c. protagonist
d. antagonist
```
a. synergist
49
```
Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________.
Select one:
a. slow exercise of long duration
b. intense exercise of long duration
c. slow exercise of short duration
d. intense exercise of short duration
```
d. intense exercise of short duration
50
```
What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called?
Select one:
a. an agonist
b. a synergist
c. an antagonist
d. a fixator
```
a. an agonist
51
```
Spasms of this straplike muscle often result in wryneck or torticollis.
Select one:
a. sternocleidomastoid
b. platysma
c. serratus anterior
d. zygomaticus
```
a. sternocleidomastoid
52
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Select one:
a. Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
b. Myofilaments slide during isometric contractions.
c. The I band lengthens during isotonic contraction.
d. T tubules may be sliding during isotonic contraction.
a. Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
53
```
The muscle cell membrane is called the ________.
Select one:
a. perimysium
b. endomysium
c. epimysium
d. sarcolemma
```
d. sarcolemma
54
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?
Select one:
a. motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
b. neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, motor neuron action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ATP-driven power stroke
c. neurotransmitter release, motor neuron action potential, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke
d. muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, ATP-driven power stroke, calcium ion release from SR, sliding of myofilaments
a. motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
55
```
What are the levers that operate at a mechanical disadvantage called?
Select one:
a. functional levers
b. power levers
c. dysfunctional levers
d. speed levers
```
d. speed levers
56
Which of the following is true about smooth muscle contraction?
Select one:
a. Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any connective tissue elements.
b. Smooth muscle has well-developed T tubules at the site of invagination.
c. Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle.
d. Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
d. Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
57
Ependymal cells ________.
Select one:
a. are a type of neuron
b. help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
c. are the most numerous of the neuroglia
d. are a type of macrophage
b. help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
58
What does oxygen deficit represent?
Select one:
a. the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used
b. the amount of oxygen taken into the body immediately after the exertion
c. the amount of oxygen taken into the body prior to the exertion
d. amount of energy needed for exertion
a. the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used
59
Which of the following is false or incorrect?
Select one:
a. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
b. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
c. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
a. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
60
Which of the following is not true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?
Select one:
a. The bulk of the solutes in solution inside a cell are negatively charged relative to the outside of the cell.
b. Some ions are prevented from moving down their concentration gradients by ATP-driven pumps.
c. Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
d. Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
d. Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
61
```
When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
Select one:
a. refractory period
b. fatigue period
c. relaxation period
d. latent period
```
a. refractory period
62
```
If L = load, F = fulcrum, and E = effort, what type of lever system is described as LEF?
Select one:
a. fourth-class lever
b. third-class lever
c. first-class lever
d. second-class lever
```
b. third-class lever
63
```
Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What muscle is usually strained under these conditions?
Select one:
a. the anconeus
b. the triceps brachii
c. the brachioradialis
d. the flexor digitorum profundus
```
c. the brachioradialis
64
```
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
Select one:
a. tracts
b. ganglia
c. nuclei
d. nerves
```
b. ganglia
65
The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. What does the term levator mean?
Select one:
a. The muscle flexes and rotates a region.
b. The muscle functions as a synergist.
c. The muscle is a fixator and stabilizes a bone or joint.
d. The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region.
d. The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region.
66
```
Which of the following muscles serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in infants?
Select one:
a. the vastus medialis
b. the vastus lateralis
c. rectus femoris
d. the vastus intermedius
```
b. the vastus lateralis
67
```
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
Select one:
a. nuclei
b. ganglia
c. tracts
d. nerves
```
b. ganglia
68
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.
Select one:
a. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur
b. opening of voltage-regulated channels
c. hyperpolarization
d. a change in sodium ion permeability
c. hyperpolarization
69
If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the ________.
Select one:
a. load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
b. load is near the fulcrum and the effort is at the distal end
c. lever system is useless
d. effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum
a. load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
70
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ________.
Select one:
a. regulate intracellular calcium concentration
b. make and store phosphocreatine
c. synthesize actin and myosin myofilaments
d. provide a source of myosin for the contraction process
a. regulate intracellular calcium concentration
71
```
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?
Select one:
a. mechanically gated channel
b. voltage-gated channel
c. leakage channel
d. ligand-gated channel
```
b. voltage-gated channel
72
```
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. efferent neuron
b. association neuron
c. afferent neuron
d. glial cell
```
b. association neuron
73
Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.
Select one:
a. inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
b. forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
c. forming a chemical compound with actin
d. storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
d. storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
74
Which of the choices below does not describe how recovery oxygen uptake (oxygen deficit) restores metabolic conditions?
Select one:
a. converts lactic acid back into glycogen stores in the liver
b. increases the level of lactic acid in the muscle
c. replaces the oxygen removed from myoglobin
d. resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP in muscle fibers
b. increases the level of lactic acid in the muscle
75
Select the correct statement about serial processing.
Select one:
a. Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.
b. Smells are processed by serial pathways.
c. Memories are triggered by serial processing.
d. Input travels along several different pathways.
a. Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.
76
What is the major factor controlling how levers work?
Select one:
a. the weight of the load
b. the structural characteristics of the muscles of the person using the lever
c. the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
d. the direction the load is being moved
c. the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
77
```
What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors?
Select one:
a. part adjacent to another muscle cell
b. motor end plate
c. end of the muscle fiber
d. any part of the sarcolemma
```
b. motor end plate
78
Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
b. Smooth muscle cells have T tubules.
c. Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels.
d. Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei.
a. Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
79
Which of the choices below describes the ANS?
Select one:
a. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
b. sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
c. sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
d. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
d. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
80
```
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur.
Select one:
a. refractory
b. contraction
c. latent
d. relaxation
```
c. latent
81
```
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.
Select one:
a. cell body
b. synapse
c. receptor
d. effector
```
b. synapse
82
Which of the following is not a role of ionic calcium in muscle contraction?
Select one:
a. triggers neurotransmitter secretion
b. activates epinephrine released from adrenal gland
c. removes contraction inhibitor
d. promotes breakdown of glycogen and ATP synthesis
b. activates epinephrine released from adrenal gland
83
Which of the following is not a special characteristic of neurons?
Select one:
a. They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
b. They conduct impulses.
c. They have extreme longevity.
d. They are mitotic.
d. They are mitotic.
84
Which of the following is not a way muscle contractions can be graded?
Select one:
a. changing the frequency of stimulation
b. changing the type of neurotransmitter released by the motor neuron
c. changing the strength of the stimulus
d. changing the type of muscle fibers involved in the contraction
d. changing the type of muscle fibers involved in the contraction
