Chapters 9-13 Exam 3 Terms Flashcards by Linda Mercer

large-diameter lower motor neurons found in peripheral nerves that innervate skeletal muscle to produce muscle contraction

alpha motor neurons

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peripheral nerves from cervical spinal cord that innervate skin and muscles of neck and the thracoabdominal diaphragm

cervical plexus

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region of the body innervated by sensory nerves arising from one spinal cord segment

dermatome

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portion of spinal nerve that innervates skin and muscles of back; contains sensory, motor, and sympathetic autonomic nerve fibers

dorsal (posterior) ramus

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connective tissue covering of individual axons

endoneurium

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connective tissue covering of an entire peripheral nerve

epineurium

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small-diameter lower motor neurons that form part of peripheral nerves; innervate muscle spindles to maintain and adjust tone

gamma motor neurons

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process that emerges from a regenerating axon and grows toward target in periphery; guided by connective tissue, Schwann cells and growth factors

growth cone

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peripheral nerves emerging from lumbar portion of spinal cord that innervate muscles of the hip and thigh regions

lumbar plexus

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a muscle or group of muscles innervated by motor neurons arising from a single spinal cord segment

myotome

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pain, tingling and numbness in a peripheral nerve caused by disease or injury

neuropathy

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pain and numbness caused by peripheral neuropathy; pain is described as burning, aching, “pins and needles” feeling

paresthesia

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connective tissue that wraps around bundles of axons in a peripheral nerve to form fascicles

perineurium

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cranial nerves and spinal nerves

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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network of nerve fibers

plexus

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network of nerve fibers formed by sacral spinal nerves; innervates lower extremity and pelvic floor

sacral plexus

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thirty regions of the spinal cord that correspond to vertebrae of the spinal column; each segment gives rise to paired spinal nerves

spinal cord segments

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peripheral nerves that arise from the spinal cord and provide sensory, voluntary motor, and autonomic innervation to the body

spinal nerves

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portion of spinal nerves that innervates anterior body wall structures as well as all parts of the upper and lower extremities

ventral (anterior) ramus

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neurotransmitter found in the parasympathetic nervous system and in parts of the sympathetic nervous system

acetylcholine (Ach)

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neurons from the hypothalamus that control the autonomic nervous system

central autonomic fibers

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a state of internal physiological balance within the body

homeostasis

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part of diencephalon that controls appetite, water balance, hunger and thirst, as well as the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

hypothalamus

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neurotransmitter found in the sympathetic nervous system that is chemically related to adrenaline

norepinephrine (NE)

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subdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for maintaining body homeostasis (physiological balance and energy conservation)

parasympathetic system

autonomic nerves that innervate structures in the abdomen and pelvis

splanchnic nerves

portion of the autonomic nervous system responsible for responding to stress, danger, and exercise

sympathetic system

chain of sympathetic ganglia found along posterior body wall in neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis

sympathetic trunk

short-term pain that results from injury or disease and serves a protective function

acute pain

sensory neuron; nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain

afferent neuron

group of sensory axons in the spinal cord that convey sensation to the brain

ascending (somatosensory) tract

long-term pain that persists when injury or disease has ended

chronic pain

sensory receptor located in tendons; detects muscle tension/contraction (how HARD a muscle is contracting)

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

sensory receptor located in hair follicles; detects movement of hairs (light touch)

hair follicle receptors

sensory receptor located in subcutaneous tissue and dermis; detects two-point discriminative touch ("fine touch")

Meissner's corpuscle

sensory receptor located in subcutaneous tissue and dermis; detects pressure/texture

Merkel's disc

small capsule located in many skeletal muscles that contains intrafusal muscle fibers, sensory nerve endings, and gamma motor neurons; detects muscle stretch

muscle spindle

pain caused by damage to peripheral nerve axons

neuropathic pain

pain caused by disease or injury to tissue that stimulates pain receptors

nociceptive pain

pain receptor

nociceptor

sensory receptor found in dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and periosteum; detects vibration and deep pressure

Pacinian corpuscle

region of cerebral cortex located in parietal lobe; site of perception (conscious awareness) of sensation

primary somatosensory cortex

sensory receptors located in muscle, tendon and joint capsules that detect body position and movement; provide feedback to brain about muscle length and tension, joint position

proprioceptor

peripheral end of a sensory neuron that converts a stimulus into an action potential

receptor

sensory receptor that detects stretching of the skin

Ruffini corpuscle

physiological change in sensory receptors that causes them to be more easily stimulated

sensitization

neurons that detect, transmit and interpret sensations from the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons and joints

somatosensory system

neurons that detect, transmit and interpret sensations for vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell

special sensory system

the ability to identify objects by touch

stereognosis

sensory receptor that detects changes in temperature

thermal receptor

loss of sense of smell

anosmia

small bones in middle ear that transmit vibration through the middle ear cavity of the oval window

auditory ossicles

part of inner ear containing receptors for hearing

cochlea

sensory receptors for color vision

cones

loss of vision caused by damage to primary visual cortex

cortical blindness

muscles that move the eyeball

extraocular muscles

loss of vision in one visual field

hemianopsia

part of retina with highest concentration of cones; site of sharpest visual acuity

macula

vertigo caused by excess fluid in inner ear

Meniere's disease

receptors for smell located in top of nose

olfactory receptors

cranial nerve I; neurons that convey sense of smell to brain

olfactory nerve (tract)

place where optic nerves cross

optic chiasm

cranial nerve II; innervates visual receptors in the eye

optic nerve

neurons connecting the optic chiasm to the thalamus; transmits action potentials from the contralateral visual field

optic tract

site of sensory receptors for hearing; located inside cochlea of inner ear

organ of Corti

utricle and saccule; contain sensory receptors for head movement

otolithic organs

rods and cones; sensory receptors for vision located on retina; convert stimuli into action potentials

photoreceptors

region in temporal lobe for perception of hearing

primary auditory cortex

region in temporal lobe for perception of smell

primary olfactory cortex

site of visual perception; located in occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

region at the back of the eyeball that contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)

retina

photoreceptors located in retina that provide black and white vision

rods

three small regions of inner ear that detect rotational head movement

semicircular canals

dizziness

vertigo

part of inner ear that contains sensory receptors for head position and movement; consists of three semicircular canals and two otolithic organs

vestibular apparatus

small brainstem structures that receive input from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear and connect to the cerebellum, motor cortex, and spinal cord

vestibular nuclei

one of three functional areas of cerebellum; coordinates balance

vestibulocerebellum

cranial nerve VIII; conveys sensations of hearing and balance to the brain

vestibulocochlear nerve

region of occipital lobe responsible for perception of vision

visual cortex

motor planning disorder; patients are unable to plan, sequence and carry out learned movement patterns; a result from damage to supplementary motor area (SMA)

apraxia

uncoordinated voluntary movement

ataxia

group of nuclei (grey matter) located deep in the brain that work together to initiate movement, though and emotion; composed of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

basal ganglia (nuclei)

slowness of movement; may result from underactive basal ganglia circuits, decreased dopamine, or dopamine antagonists

bradykinesia

brain region located posterior to brainstem and inferior to occipital lobe; major function is motor coordination

cerebellum

descending (motor) tract containing upper motor neurons from cerebral cortex that will synapse onto interneurons and lower motor neurons in the brainstem to innervate cranial nerves

corticobulbar tract

descending (motor) tract containing upper motor neurons from cerebral cortex that will synapse onto interneurons and lower motor neurons in spinal cord to innervate spinal nerves

corticospinal tract

difficulty maintaining and correcting balance

disequilibrium

loss of the ability to perform rapid alternating movements

dysdiadochokinesia

excessive, unnecessary movements; may result from overactive basal ganglia circuitry, excessive dopamine or dopamine agonists, or overexpression of dopamine receptors

dyskinesia

a nerve cell that forms a synapse with skeletal muscle and is part of a peripheral nerve (cranial nerve or spinal nerve)

lower motor neuron

cell membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber that forms the postsynaptic side of a neuromuscular junction

motor end plate

specific, regional (somatotopic) organization of upper motor neurons on the primary motor cortex

motor homunculus

a nerve cell that innervates muscle

motor neuron

place on the surface of a skeletal muscle where a peripheral nerve penetrates the muscle

motor point

one lower motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron

motor unit

a muscle cell

muscle fiber (myofiber)

amount of resistance to passive stretching found in skeletal muscles

muscle tone

synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

neuromuscular junction

loss of voluntary motor function

paralysis

weakness or partial paralysis of a skeletal muscle

paresis

region of frontal lobe located on precentral gyrus that contains cell bodies of cortical upper motor neurons; beginning of the lateral corticospinal, anterior corticospinal, and corticobulbar tracts

primary motor cortex

descending (motor) tract containing upper motor neurons from brainstem reticular formation that control posture, gait, and muscle tone

reticulospinal tract

region of frontal lobe located anterior to primary motor cortex; stores movement patterns and sequences (motor memories)

supplementary motor area (SMA)

descending (motor) tract containing upper motor neurons from brainstem superior colliculus that control neck movements and allow visual tracking

tectospinal tract

motor neuron with its cell body in the cerebral cortex or brainstem that controls activation of lower motor neurons

upper motor neuron (UMN)

extrapyramidal motor tract responsible for ipsilateral gross postural adjustments; facilitates extensors, inhibits flexors; helps maintain gaze stability

vestibulospinal tract

small motor units recruited first, gradually larger units added to generate increased tension in muscle

size principle

terminal peripheral nerves from posterior cord of brachial plexus

axillary, radial

terminal peripheral nerves from lateral cord of brachial plexus

musculocutaneous, lateral root of median

terminal peripheral nerves from medial cord of brachial plexus

ulnar, medial root of musculocutaneous