Chapters 9-11 Flashcards
Biophilia
Love and respect for living things
Biophobia
Scared/ hate towards living organisms
Ecological extinction
So few members left it doesn’t play an ecological role anymore
Biological extinction
Species is not found anywhere on earth
Local extinction
Species is no longer found in a certain area
Endangered
Close to extinction
Threatened
Close to endangerment
What % of the today’s food crops were domesticated from wild tropical plants?
90%
What % of the world’s population relies on plants/ plant extracts for medicines?
80%
What % of all species that have ever existed are now extinct?
99.9%
Natural Rate of Extinction/ Background
Small number of species that become extinct natrually
Mass extinction
Short period of time with HIGH rates of extinction
How many species per day become extinct?
50-200
Ecosystem approach
Aims to preserve balanced populations of species in their native habitats, establish protected areas, and reduce nonnative species
Species approach
Based on protecting endangered species by identifying them, giving them legal protection, preserving their habitats, and reintroducing them
Wildlife Management Approach
Manages game (hunted) species for sustained yield
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
World’s leading authority on species conservation
IUCN Red List
Most comprehensive assessment of threatened species status
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
-1995
-signed by 183 countries
-lists almost 38,700 species that cannot be traded cause they are endangered or threatened
Endangered Species Act
-1973
-allows the National Marine Fisheries Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service to identify and list endangered and threatened species
-amendments in 78, 82, and 88 were good
-2004 was bad; it exempted the Department of Defense from some critical habitat designations
Examples of US Endangered Species
-bald eagle; recovered enough to be taken off list in 2007
-whooping crane; low point was 54 members
-red wolf; low point was 17 members
-california condor; most expensive species conservation project in US history
-florida manatee; recently removed from list
Wildlife Management
Manipulating wildlife populations and their habitats for their welfare and for human benefit
Flyways
-migratory birds are managed this way
-north- south migration routes
Invasive Species are also called what?
-alien
-introduced
-nonnative
Invasive Species
Species that were accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans
-often generalist, r- selected species that outcompete native species
Invasive Species examples
-zebra mussel
-kudzu vine
-lionfish
-burmese python
Largest threats to any species (in order) (HIPPCO)
- Loss of degradation or HABITAT
- Harmful INVASIVE species
- Human POPULATION growth
- POLLUTION
- CLMATE change
-OVEREXPLOTATION
Provisioning ecosystem service
food, water, medicine, raw materials
Regulating ecosystem service
pollution, water purification, pest control
Supporting ecosystem service
species habitats, genetic diversity
Cultural ecosystem service
intellectual development, tourism
What % of US land is set aside for public use, enjoyment, and wildlife?
42%
-73% of which is Alaska
Sustainable yield
Renewable resources should not be harvested faster than they are replenished
Multiple use
Land should be used simultaneously for a variety of uses
Old- growth forests
Uncut forests and regenerated forests that have not been seriously disturbed for at least a several hundred years
Second- growth forests
Stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession AFTER cutting
What % of cut timber is used for heating and cooking worldwide?
55%
What country is the largest importer of wood products?
US per capita and China overall
Forest watersheds
Filter and regulate flow of water from mountain highlands to croplands and urban areas
What % of atmospheric water vapor comes from trees?
50-80%
What % of atmospheric carbon dioxide do forests take up?
90%
What biome provides the most habitats for wildlife species?
Forests
How many square miles per yer is the loss and degradation of remaining tropical forests?
46,000 square miles
Primary causes of deforestation
-population growth
-poverty
-government policies
Secondary causes of deforestation
-roads
-logging
-farming
-ranching
-flooding from dams
-mining
-oil drilling
Even- aged management (industrial forestry)
Trees are planted and maintained about the same age and size using monoculture techniques to be harvested simutaneously
Uneven- aged management
Planting a variety of tree species at many ages for multiple uses
-increases biodiversity and creates more stable enviornment
Selective cutting
Trees cut out in small groups or singularly
-best method
High grading
Selective cutting of the most valuable trees
Shelterwood cutting
Removes all mature trees in 2 or 3 cuttings over 10 years
Seed- tree cutting
Harvests nearly all of a stand’s trees in 1 cutting
-leaving some seeds to produce new trees and regenerate the stand
Clear- cutting
Removes all trees from an area in 1 cutting
Strip cutting
Clear cutting along the contour of the land, narrow enough to allow natural regeneration
Whole tree harvesting
Cutting trees at ground level or uprooting entire trees
Surface fires
Burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor
Crown fires
Start on the ground but eventually burn whole trees and leap from treetop to treetop
Prescribed burning
Setting controlled ground fires to prevent buildup of flammable material
Presuppression
Early detection and control of fires
Suppression
Fighting fires once they have started
What % of freshwater species are at risk for extinction?
33-50%
Bycatch
Unintentionally caught species
Examples of freshwater biodiversity loss
-florida everglades
-the great lakes
-lake victoria
Fishery regulations
set, monitor, and enforce quotas
Economic approaches
reduce or eliminate subsidies
Protected areas
Establish no fishing marine areas
Inshore waters have much higher…
Productivity
Shallow waters are more…
Accessible to humans
Deep waters cannot…
Sustain large fish populations
Magnuson- Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976
States that conservation and management measures shall prevent over fishing while delivering optimum yield
Ghost fishing
lost nets and traps that continue to catch fish
Fish farming
Cultivating fish in a controlled enviornment
Fish ranching
Keep fish captive for a few years and then release and harvest them as adults
-for anadromous species (live part lives on freshwater and part in salt water)
Keystone species
Organism that helps define an entire ecosystem
