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AP Environmental Science > Chapters 9&10 > Flashcards

Chapters 9&10 Flashcards

0
Q

food security

A

The guarantee of an adequate, reliable, and available food apply to all people at all times

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1
Q

Transgenes

A

genes from the DNA of one organism transferred into the DNA of a different species to enhance

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2
Q

undernourished

A

receive less than 90% of their daily caloric needs

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3
Q

Overnutrition

A

receive too many calories each day

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4
Q

malnutrition

A

A shortage of nutrients the body needs

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5
Q

kwashiorkor

A

results from a diet with little protein

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6
Q

marasmus

A

caused by a combination of protein deficiency and a lack of calories

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7
Q

pest

A

any organism that damages crops that are valuable

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8
Q

weed

A

any plants that compete with crops

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9
Q

pesticide

A

poisons that target pests

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10
Q

insecticides

A

targets insects

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11
Q

herbicides

A

targets plants

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12
Q

fungicides

A

targets fungi

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13
Q

biological control

A

uses a pest’s natural predators to control the pest

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14
Q

evolutionary arms race

A

chemists increase chemical toxicity to compete with resistant pests

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15
Q

bacillus thueingiensis (Bt)

A

soil bacterium that kills many pests

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16
Q

integrated pest management (IPM)

A

uses a numerous technics including Biocontrol, chemicals, population monitoring, habitat alteration, crop rotation, transgenic crops, alternative tillage methods, and mechanical pest removal

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17
Q

recombinant DNA

A

New strand of genes that do not exist in nature

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18
Q

genetic engineering

A

any process where scientists directly manipulate an organism’s genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of DNA

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19
Q

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

A

organisms that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology

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20
Q

biotechnology

A

The material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms

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21
Q

gene banks

A

institutions store seeds from Crockett varieties, keeping then and cold, dry conditions to encourage long-term viability

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22
Q

feedlots

A

operations and which animals our house and huge warehouses or pens where energy rich food is provided to the animals living at extremely high densities

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23
Q

aquaculture

A

raising fish and shellfish on fish farms controlled environments

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24
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

farming that does not deplete soils faster than they form and does not reduce the amount of healthy soil, clean water, and genetic diversity essential to long-term crop and livestock production

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25
Q

Low input agriculture

A

farming that uses small amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, growth hormones, water, and fossil fuel energy than is used in industrial agriculture

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26
Q

organic agriculture

A

food growth practices that use no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides

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27
Q

agriculture

A

practice of raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption

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28
Q

cropland

A

land used to raise plants for human use

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29
Q

rangeland/pasture

A

land used for grazing livestock

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30
Q

soil

A

A complex plant supporting system consisting of disintegrated rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms

31
Q

traditional agriculture

A

biologically powered agriculture, using human and animal musclepower

32
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

families produce only enough food for themselves

33
Q

intensive agriculture

A

produces excess food to sell

34
Q

industrialized agriculture

A

using large scale mechanization and fossil fuels to boost yields

35
Q

monocultures

A

uniform planting of a single crop

36
Q

Green Revolution

A

The use of new technology, crop varieties, and farming practices introduced to developing countries

37
Q

Parent material

A

The geologic base material of soil

38
Q

bedrock

A

The continuous mass of solid rock comprising the Earth’s crust

39
Q

weathering

A

processes that break down rocks to form soil

40
Q

physical weathering

A

Wind and rain, no chemical changes in the parent material

41
Q

Chemical weathering

A

substances chemically interact with parent material

42
Q

biological weathering

A

organisms break down material

43
Q

erosion

A

movement of soil by wind or water

44
Q

humus

A

dark, spongy, crumbly mass of material formed by partial decomposition

45
Q

horizon

A

each layer of soil

46
Q

soil profile

A

The cross-section of soil as a whole

47
Q

topsoil

A

inorganic and organic material most nutritive for plants

48
Q

leaching

A

dissolved particles move down through horizons

49
Q

soil color

A

indicates it’s composition and fertility

50
Q

Black or dark brown soil

A

rich in organic matter

51
Q

pale tan or gray soil

A

indicates leaching

52
Q

soil texture

A

determined by the size of particles

53
Q

loam

A

soil with an even mix of clay, silt, and sand

54
Q

soil structure

A

A measure of the arrangement of sand, silt, are clay particles into clumps

55
Q

soil pH

A

The degree of acidity or alkalinity, which influences its ability to support plant growth

56
Q

cation exchange

A

process that allows plants to gain nutrients; soil particles that are negatively charged hold positively charged nutrient ions

57
Q

cation exchange capacity

A

A soils relative ability to hold cations

58
Q

deposition

A

The arrival of eroded material at its new location

59
Q

recall

A

floodplains are excellent for farming

60
Q

plowpan

A

A hard layer resulting from repeated plowing that resists water infiltration and root penetration

61
Q

Swidden agriculture

A

cultivation of a plot for a few years and then letting it to regrow into forest (secondary succession)

62
Q

decertification

A

A loss of more than 10% productivity due to soil erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, overgrazing, drought, salinization, climate change, depletion of water sources, or an array of other factors

63
Q

Dust Bowl

A

large-scale cultivation of the southern Great Plains of the United States, combined with the drought in the 1930s, lead to dust storms, destroying the land and affecting human health

64
Q

The soil conservation service

A

pioneered measures to slow soil degradation; assess land, prepare for an agriculture plan, work with landowners, implement conservation measures

65
Q

natural resources conservation service

A

1994 renaming of the soil conservation service

66
Q

conservation districts

A

districts operate with federal direction, authorization, and funding, but are organized by the states

67
Q

crop rotation

A

The practice of alternating the kind of crop grown in a particular field from one season or year to the next

68
Q

irrigation

A

artificial provision of water to support agriculture

69
Q

Waterlogging

A

over irrigated soils

70
Q

drip irrigation

A

targets water directly to plants

71
Q

salinization

A

The build up of salts and surface soil layers; influences pH to be more acidic

72
Q

fertilizers

A

substances containing essential nutrients

73
Q

inorganic fertilizers

A

synthetically manufactured mineral supplements

74
Q

organic fertilizers

A

consist of natural materials; the remains or wastes of organisms

75
Q

compost

A

produced when decomposers break down organic matter

AP Environmental Science (1 decks)

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