Chapters 9 & 10 Flashcards
What was the new system that was developed for farming?
The 3 field system
- wheat
- barley
- fallow( place for animals to graze)
What years did the the Black Death occur.
(1347-1351)
What years did the great famine occur?
(1315-1317)
What were some consequences of overpopulated Europe?
-church loses authority
-government loses some authority
~ the biggest consequence was that it showed the vulnerability of overpopulated europe
What was the disease cycle of The bubonic plague?
Bubonic Plague~ Flea~ Rat~ Ships
~ Human Infected
Where do historians believe that the plague originated from?
They believe that it originated from Asia and spread to the Black Sea region by ships and also ships in the ports of Italy
Aromatic amulets Moderation (careful about what you do) Promiscuity Doctors Robe (beak was stuffed with perfumes and flowers) Leeching Lancing a bulbous Self flagellation Anti-semitism
Popular remedies
What was the death toll in Europe due to the plague?
25 million people
What was the statute of labors
Limited labors wages to pre plague levels & restricted the ability of peasants to leave their masters land
Who were the traditional containers of monarchy during the Middle Ages.
The nobility and the church
What were the dates of the 100 years war?
May of 1337 to October of 1453
Description of the 100 years war
War over power and fighting for land
Causes of the 100 years war
English tried to claim French throne, struggle for national identity as well as territory.
What were some characteristics of France at the beginning of the hundred years war
They were struggling to make the transition from a splinter feudal society to a modern state.
The Jacquerie
French peasant uprising in 1381
The Estates Gen.
A representative Council of townspeople clergy and Nobles
What were some reasons of early failure for the French in the hundred years war
Internal disunity, a weak army, social conflicts, mediocrity leadership.
What were the main weapons used by the English in the hundred years war?
The English used longbows
What was the result of the Treaty of Troyes
The Treaty of Trois disinherited the heir to the French throne.
What was the Decameron about and who was it written by.
Cameron was about the black plague it is the best known the record of it and this is what historians have most of their knowledge from. It was written by Giovanni Boccaccio.
Gave popes power above the church law and turned church more focused on political/economic gain.
The papal plenitude of power
Allowed church to handle its own legal affairs without local courts
The rota romana
What was the taille
A direct tax to the peasants
What dynasty was connected to the Holy Roman Empire?
The Hohenstaufen dynasty
What pope and king had a power struggle
- Phillip the fair or Phillip the 4th
- Pope Boniface 8th
A decree put in place by pope Boniface the 8th that prohibited taxation of clergy
Clericos laicos
How did the king of England respond to clericos laicos
The king would not protect the clergy
How did Phillip the fair react to clericos laicos
Stopped sending the money that the clergy made in France to Rome
What years was it the Avignon papacy
1309-1377
During what popes reign was it heavily influenced by the French?
Pope Clement the 5th
The 1st years salary of clergy given to the papal
Annates
What was the decree that said popes should be over kings?
Ausculta Fili
What was the decree that stated spiritual power was over temporal power?
Unam Sanctum
What years was the great schism
1378 to 1417
Description of the Renaissance
Dates-(1375-1527)
The Rebirth of Italy/Europe
The rebirth of classical Greco roman thought
Revival of Ancient learning
A gradual release of the full whole nature of man.
A prototype for the modern world
Why did 1375 mark the begging of the Renaissance and why did 1527 mark the end of the Renaissance?
1327 marked the beginning of the Renaissance, because it marks the deaths of Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccacio
1575- ends the renaissance with the capture of Rome by the Spanish
What were some differences between medieval and Renaissance Europe?
Medieval- was fragmented and futile, focused more on the church, more agricultural.
Renaissance- focused on nationality, more politically centralized, urban economy.
What were the main reasons that Italy was the birth place of the Renaissance?
- trade and commerce
- relative geography
- center of the HRE
- wealthy merchants
- Medici
What were the 5 Italian city states that played key roles in trade between Europe and the Near East?
- Naples
- Florence
- Papal States
- Milan
- Venice
What were the main causes of the 100 years war?
Cause 1- dynastic rivalries between the Capatian dynasty in France and the Norman dynasty in England.
Cause 2- proximity how close the countries were to each other.
Cause 3- Edwards vassalage: pieces of English land in France, but the English had to pay rent to the French.
Cause 4- Flanders ( dagger pointing at the heart of England) was controlled by England and exported lots of textiles.
Cause 5- nationalism: a sense of patriotism, both countries were evolving
Who is is Cosmo de Medici?
(Despot) founder of Medici Dynasty
(R. 1413- 1464)
A wealthy banker family
What were main professions of humanists?
Teachers poets secretaries and play writes
Who was Francesco Petrarch and what are some facts about him?
He was the FATHER OF HUMANISM
He wrote sonnets for Laura
It’s about a women tat he loved
What are some facts about humanism
The study of Latin and Greek classics as well as the ancient church with the hopes of reviving ancient norms and values
What was the goal of civic humanism
The goal of civic humanism is that wisdom is eloquently spoken, knowledge of good, and the desire of others to feel it
Who was Baldassarre Castiglione and why are some facts about him?
He wrote the Book of the Courtier
In the book it talked about what courtiers jobs were and that the women should compliment the men
Who was Marsilius of Padua and what did he do
He wrote the defender of peace which in it stated that monarchal power should be over papal power and that the clergy should live with the bare minimum such as clothing and food
What was the pragmatic sanction of bourges
An agreement between the pope and French King that allowed the French to elect their own clergy and allowed the French to have power over them
What were the cause and effects of the council of Pisa
Cause- there was two popes that were in office and neither one of them would step down.
Effect- the effect was that the two popes were thrown out of office and a new pope was put in, but the other two popes wouldn’t step down so then there was 3 popes
What pope moved the papacy back to Rome
Pope urban the 5 r.(1370-1378)
What 3 popes were involved in the great schism
- pope urban the 6th
- pope clement the 7th ( cousin to the French King)
- pope Alexander the 5th
Characteristics of Renaissance art
- realism/expression
- individualism
- contraposta pose
- perspective
- geometrical arrangement
- lighting/shadowing
Results of conflict between between the pope and the holy roman empor
City states are allowed to rise and become independent and strong
Consequences of social strife and competition in Italian cities
Lead to rise of despots
Reactions of the lower class in Florence because of the Black Death
The Ciompi revolt 1378
What was the significance of Giotto to the Renaissance
He was the father of Renaissance painting. His most famous work was the Madonna and the child
Who were the masters of the high renaissance
- da Vinci
- Michelangelo
- Raphael
- Botticelli
Leonardo da Vinci and some of his works
-1452-1519
He was called a universal man
-the vitruvian man, the virgin of the rocks, Mona Lisa, and the last supper
Michelangelo and his works
1475-1564 David The pieta The Sistine chapel The last judgment
Raphael and his works
1483-1520
Famous for his madonnas
The school of Athens
The liberation of St.peter
Portrait of pope Julius the 2nd the warrior pope
Pitta it of pope Leo the 10th the Medici pope
Did his painting on fresh wet plaster
What was the treaty of Lodi?
Created balances of power between city states
Milan, Naples Florence
And Papal States and the republic of Venice
Ludivico el Moro
Duke of Milan 1490-1500
He invited the French to come through Milan and go conquer Naples
Reason for the 1st French invasion
The ruler of France Charles the 8th r.1483-1498 invited into Italy by el morro
The league of Venice included included Spain Venice Papal States HRE and Milan
French leave in 1495
The second French invasion
Pope Alexander the 6th who is apart of the Borgia mafia fam and is very corrupt.
Wants to help his sons career so want French to come invade to help his son caesare gain power
The 3rd French invasion
1516:the concordat of Bologna allowed French King Francis the 1st to have control of the French clergy this kept the French catholic during the reformation
Facts about pope Julius the 2nd
The warrior pope
The 1st pope to have a beard since the 1200’s
Pope that kicked the French out
Established the Swiss guard that is still there today
Fact about the concordat of Bologna
Ended the 3rd French invasion
Allowed pope to collect annates
Kept France catholic
Galician liberties
What were some characteristics of Machiavelli and the prince
Dedicated the book to Lorenzo de Medici
He was a nationalist a republican and had lots of patriotism
Life’s work was to secure independence for Italy
A how to book on for princes on how to and maintain power
Famous quote the ends justify the means (1513)
Factors which led to the transition from feudal to national monarchies
Black Death
One vs many ( relationship between kin and town)
100 years war
The great schism
What were the groups affected by a taxations by 15th and 16th century monarchs
Lower-class peasantry Nobles/clergy exempt from taxes
The war of roses causes players and outcomes
1455 to 1485
Struggle between York and Lancastor. Richard the third and Henry the seventh
Tudor ended up being the new ruling dynasty and they were from the house of Lancaster
Rule and impact of the Valois dynasty on the French monarchy.
First Valois ruler was Phillip the sixth and Charles the seventh and Louis the sixth. They dissolved burgundy.
White rose represented what house and the red rose represented what house?
Rose is the house of York in the red rose was the house of Lancaster the red and white rose was the house of tutor.
What King was nicknamed the fortunate
Philip the sixth was nicknamed the fortunate
What was Charles the seventh known for.
Is known for the time. Joan of arc and raised the first professional large standing army he also stabilize the economy.
Is Louis the 11th known as?
Was known as the universal spider and also known for the dissolution of Burgundy he was known as the cunning he wanted to be considered a power in France he was also known for the Burgundian wars because of the battle of Nacy Charles the bold the Duke of Burgundy was killed.also created the first national postal system and expanded the silk industry.
What were the circumstances surrounding the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon?
Portugal and France opposed of the marriage because it made their territory even bigger and into an even bigger power because it combines the territories of Castile and Aragon.
Regions of the conflict between the one versus the many and their general outcomes.
France England Spain had one ruler. The HRE had many making it not as United.
Representative assemblies of major European countries.
England there was the Parliament and it had two assemblies the House of Lords in the House of Commons. In Spain the Cortez functioned like England’s Parliament. In the HRE the Reichstag and in France the estates general.
What were some characteristics of northern humanists.
They came from varied or diverse backgrounds.
What was Erasmus and his impact?
He translated the New Testament into Greek and Latin translations. Erastus laid the egg that Luther hatched. He was the prince of humanist. And the author of adages
Humanism is roll in Protestant reform in northern European countries.
In England more. In France Lefavor and bude in Spain Fransisco Imerez de sisneros and in the Netherlands Erasmus
What are some facts about the printing press?
Inventor was Johan von Gutenberg. Laity increased knowledge and gave more jobs meaning the printers guild.was invented in 1468
What was Portugal’s role in the slave trade to Europe
150,000 slaves from portugal to Europe
Famous European discovers and their individual roles in voyages of discovery.
Prince Henry the navigator or Concord Northern Africa. Bosco found trade routes and spices from India.
Where did the Aztec rule covered at the time of the Spanish conquest?
Central America/central Mexico
Who was Bartolome de las Casas
He was a guy that was critical of the way that they were treating slaves
Pizzaro -where did he conquer
He conquered the inca empire
Where did Cortes conquer
The Aztec empire
Types of labor servitude in Latin America
Formal grant of right to make the Indians labor
What were the three major components of colonial economy of Latin America
Mining agriculture and shipping
What were the consequences of European explanation of the new world?
Diseases
Lots of economic growth in Europe
What was the greatest consequence of humanism in Northern Europe?
Europe became more educated and religious reforms spread through out Europe
What was the book utopia about and who was it by?
By Thomas more and it criticized society
What was the court of the star chamber?
It created an institution made up of bureaucrats, Cort system completely loyal to the king
