Chapters 8 & 9 Flashcards
The best definition of a theory is a;
A formal version of an explanation
When we are attempting to explain white collar crime, the following require explanation;
crime, criminality, and criminalization
Involvement with white collar crime is most likely to be associated with
Relative normality
In terms of character as well as personality, those who refrain from engaging in white collar crime are most likely to be which of the following?
Individuals with a strong sense of moral integrity
Which of the following is not one of the fundamental elements invoked to explain criminal behavior?
a. Motivation b. Skill c. Opportunity d. Incompetence
Incompetence
An explanation for white collar crime which focuses on the structural conditions pertaining to society and organizations belongs to which of the following levels?
a. Macro-level b. Meso-level c. Micro-level d. Meta-level
Macro-level
An explanation for white collar crime which focuses on the offender, and individual
propensities and choices belongs to which of the following levels?
a. Macro-level
b. Meso-level
c. Micro-level
d. Meta-level
Micro-level
The specific views of Freud on crime can be best linked with white collar crime which has a
self-destructive character
With regard to the relationship between white collar crime and personality: most white collar offenders appear to fall within the range of
normal personality types
With regards to corporate or organizational crime, the text stresses that:
the organization and its resources make many crimes possible
Which of the following factors did Marx and Engels see as the primary cause of crime,
including white collar crime?
The capitalist system
Studies have shown that many white collar criminals
share certain personality traits.
T/F Studies have NOT consistently found that larger corporate size and increased external profit pressure leads to illegality.
True
T/F Organizations may be said to create opportunities for illegal conduct.
True
T/F It has been found that top managers typically DO NOT HAVE TO ORDER middle managers, in very direct terms, to violate laws in order to maximize profits
True
The large-scale financial crimes of the 1980s have been linked with the ____________________________________
and corporations in networks largely
beyond traditional forms of social control.
“structural
embeddedness” of financial organizations
Many students of white collar crime have insisted that the corporation can be regarded as -
directly responsible when it comes to crime.
T/F There is clear evidence that white collar offenders have lower IQs than their white collar peers who do not commit offenses.
False
What approach to white collar crime would be linked with tensions and
conflicts between different aspects of the self (ego, id, and superego).
In a Freudian approach
The first known laws directed at commercial transactions date back to which of the following period?
Ancient Mesopotamia
Traditionally, the mechanisms of social control have focused on which of the following?
Individuals
Which of the following most accurately describes Edwin Sutherland’s position on the use of white collar crime as a term?
It should be applied to white collar crime prohibited by criminal, civil or administrative law
The view that white collar crime law is implemented by the state because it helps sustain the system and “legitimates” the state in the eyes of the general population is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
Structuralist
The view that law in a capitalist society reflects the direct control of the elite class over the state is most consistent with which of the following perspective;
Instrumentalist
______ _____is a product of appellate court opinions
Case Law
act
called for increased oversight duties for corporate fraud, and required corporate executives to personally certify corporate financial statements?
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
described as the overriding objective of antitrust law?
Abolish monopolies and insure competition
is a prosecutorial problem under the identification theory, which requires proof of higher authority if the corporation itself is to be held liable?
Establishing that the corporate actors who carried out the illegal activity were at a high enough level to be said to be acting for the corporation
Even when laws attempting to control certain forms of corporate activities are adopted
elite interests often have the power to influence the meaning of the laws.
Historically, _______ has had significant influence over the law-making
process.
Business
In a Freudian approach, white collar crime would be linked with tensions and conflicts between different
aspects of the self (ego, id, and superego).
Many of the activities commonly classified as white collar crimes are violations of
administrative rather than statutory law.
The ______federal statute has been applied to a wide range of white collar offenders
RICO (Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations)
In the 17th and 18th century _________, ________, and _________
became the targets of specific criminal laws
employee theft, embezzlement, and related acts
According to the text, the primary reasons businesses support regulatory law is that
they realize that they can benefit from an increase in public trust or a more stable and predictable business environment
Establishing evidence that the corporate actors who carried out the illegal activity were at a high enough level to be said to be ___________________ is a prosecutorial problem under the identification theory, (which requires proof of higher authority if the corporation itself is to be held liable) - as a result, many corporations are not indicted
acting for the corporation
The view that law in a capitalist society reflects the direct control of the elite class over the state is most consistent with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ view
Instrumentalist
Marx and Engels saw ___________as the primary cause of crime,
including white collar crime
the capitalist system
