Chapters 8 & 9

Question 1

The best definition of a theory is a;

Answer 1

A formal version of an explanation

Question 2

When we are attempting to explain white collar crime, the following require explanation;

Answer 2

crime, criminality, and criminalization

Question 3

Involvement with white collar crime is most likely to be associated with

Answer 3

Relative normality

Question 4

In terms of character as well as personality, those who refrain from engaging in white collar crime are most likely to be which of the following?

Answer 4

Individuals with a strong sense of moral integrity

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the fundamental elements invoked to explain criminal behavior?

a. Motivation
b. Skill
c. Opportunity
d. Incompetence

Answer 5

Incompetence

Question 6

An explanation for white collar crime which focuses on the structural conditions pertaining to society and organizations belongs to which of the following levels?

a. Macro-level		
b. Meso-level
c. Micro-level
d. Meta-level

Answer 6

Macro-level

Question 7

An explanation for white collar crime which focuses on the offender, and individual
propensities and choices belongs to which of the following levels?
a. Macro-level
b. Meso-level
c. Micro-level
d. Meta-level

Answer 7

Micro-level

Question 8

The specific views of Freud on crime can be best linked with white collar crime which has a

Answer 8

self-destructive character

Question 9

With regard to the relationship between white collar crime and personality: most white collar offenders appear to fall within the range of

Answer 9

normal personality types

Question 10

With regards to corporate or organizational crime, the text stresses that:

Answer 10

the organization and its resources make many crimes possible

Question 11

Which of the following factors did Marx and Engels see as the primary cause of crime,
including white collar crime?

Answer 11

The capitalist system

Question 12

Studies have shown that many white collar criminals

Answer 12

share certain personality traits.

Question 13

T/F Studies have NOT consistently found that larger corporate size and increased external profit pressure leads to illegality.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

T/F Organizations may be said to create opportunities for illegal conduct.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

T/F It has been found that top managers typically DO NOT HAVE TO ORDER middle managers, in very direct terms, to violate laws in order to maximize profits

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The large-scale financial crimes of the 1980s have been linked with the ____________________________________
and corporations in networks largely
beyond traditional forms of social control.

Answer 16

“structural

embeddedness” of financial organizations

Question 17

Many students of white collar crime have insisted that the corporation can be regarded as -

Answer 17

directly responsible when it comes to crime.

Question 18

T/F There is clear evidence that white collar offenders have lower IQs than their white collar peers who do not commit offenses.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What approach to white collar crime would be linked with tensions and
conflicts between different aspects of the self (ego, id, and superego).

Answer 19

In a Freudian approach

Question 20

The first known laws directed at commercial transactions date back to which of the following period?

Answer 20

Ancient Mesopotamia

Question 21

Traditionally, the mechanisms of social control have focused on which of the following?

Answer 21

Individuals

Question 22

Which of the following most accurately describes Edwin Sutherland’s position on the use of white collar crime as a term?

Answer 22

It should be applied to white collar crime prohibited by criminal, civil or administrative law

Question 23

The view that white collar crime law is implemented by the state because it helps sustain the system and “legitimates” the state in the eyes of the general population is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?

Answer 23

Structuralist

Question 24

The view that law in a capitalist society reflects the direct control of the elite class over the state is most consistent with which of the following perspective;

Answer 24

Instrumentalist

Question 25

______ _____is a product of appellate court opinions

Answer 25

Case Law

Question 26

act called for increased oversight duties for corporate fraud, and required corporate executives to personally certify corporate financial statements?

Answer 26

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Question 27

described as the overriding objective of antitrust law?

Answer 27

Abolish monopolies and insure competition

Question 28

is a prosecutorial problem under the identification theory, which requires proof of higher authority if the corporation itself is to be held liable?

Answer 28

Establishing that the corporate actors who carried out the illegal activity were at a high enough level to be said to be acting for the corporation

Question 29

Even when laws attempting to control certain forms of corporate activities are adopted

Answer 29

elite interests often have the power to influence the meaning of the laws.

Question 30

Historically, _______ has had significant influence over the law-making process.

Answer 30

Business

Question 31

In a Freudian approach, white collar crime would be linked with tensions and conflicts between different

Answer 31

aspects of the self (ego, id, and superego).

Question 32

Many of the activities commonly classified as white collar crimes are violations of

Answer 32

administrative rather than statutory law.

Question 33

The ______federal statute has been applied to a wide range of white collar offenders

Answer 33

RICO (Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations)

Question 34

In the 17th and 18th century _________, ________, and _________ became the targets of specific criminal laws

Answer 34

employee theft, embezzlement, and related acts

Question 35

According to the text, the primary reasons businesses support regulatory law is that

Answer 35

they realize that they can benefit from an increase in public trust or a more stable and predictable business environment

Question 36

Establishing evidence that the corporate actors who carried out the illegal activity were at a high enough level to be said to be ___________________ is a prosecutorial problem under the identification theory, (which requires proof of higher authority if the corporation itself is to be held liable) - as a result, many corporations are not indicted

Answer 36

acting for the corporation

Question 37

``` The view that law in a capitalist society reflects the direct control of the elite class over the state is most consistent with the ____________ view ```

Answer 37

Instrumentalist

Question 38

Marx and Engels saw ___________as the primary cause of crime, including white collar crime

Answer 38

the capitalist system