Chapters 7-15 & 25

Question 1

which countries have the highest population in the world

Answer 1

India-1.5 billion
China-1 billion

Question 2

two types of fertility rates

Answer 2

Replacement-Level Fertility Rates and Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Question 3

Understand the US Population growth specifically

Answer 3

(Baby-Boom, Immigration, Emigration Changes) (B)riths (I)mmigration VS (E)migration (D)eaths

Question 4

Know what factors account for the human population rise

Answer 4

Emergence of agriculture- increased food production
Technologies- allow humans to expand all the planet’s climates & habitats
Drop in death rates- improved sanitation, healthcare, (antibiotics, vaccines)

Question 5

Human Population Growth Distribution

Answer 5

less developed countries are adding significantly more to the human population than more developed countries
unevenly distributed geographically
2% added to more- developed Countries
98% added to less- developed countries

Question 6

Infant Mortality Rate and which type of countries have the highest and the lowest infant mortality rates.

Answer 6

Infant Mortality Rate- Number of babies out of every 1,000 who die before their 1st birthday
Highest- less-developed countries
Lowest-more developed countries

Question 7

what countries have the highest aging population

Answer 7

China (1.66 mil over 60)
India (84.9 mil over 60)

Question 8

what factors can slow population growth

Answer 8

economic development, educating and empowering women, family planning

Question 9

China’s Policy Effect was and some of the negative effects of the policy

Answer 9

Government established strict family planning and birth control program in 1978
One child policy
Reduced number of children born per woman from 3 to 1.7
Negative effect:
Preference for male children >result in few females
By 2030> too few young workers to support aging population
2015: Chinese government replaced one-child policy to two-child policy

Question 10

which country is a major exporter of Soybean now….in particular what region of the Country

Answer 10

Brazil- Major exporter of soybean Region? Cerrado

Question 11

soil and understand that is takes a long time to form

Answer 11

Soil: a renewable resource that develops through the weathering of rocks and the accumulation of organic material.
Extremely slow process

Question 12

6 components of soil

Answer 12

Sand and gravel (minerals)
Silts and clays (minerals)
Dead organic material
Soil fauna and flora
Water
Air

Question 13

Loam Soils

Answer 13

are the best for agriculture because they contain a mixture of sand, silt, and clay

Question 14

what type of soil is found in the corn belt

Answer 14

Black soils
Rich in nutrients, and organic material
Contains a mixture of sand, silt, and clay
Hold moisture well

Question 15

soil profile

Answer 15

A layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical, and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath.

Question 16

soil horizons are

Answer 16

O- Horizon is the organic layer
Leaf litter, most soil organisms, partially decomposed organisms
A – Horizon is the topsoil
Mineral particles mixed with organic material

Question 17

Sheet Horizon

Answer 17

is responsible for most soil lost on agriculture land

Question 18

Understand what desertification is and how it is spreading

Answer 18

Desertification: conversion of productive lands to desert- not a natural process
Wind and water erosions
Desertification of productive lands threatens 1/3 of the earth’s surface over 1 billion people
Rangelands and pastures are highly susceptible (overgrazing, soil degradation).

Question 19

irrigation accounts for largest single share of global water use

Answer 19

Agriculture accounts for largest single share of global water use.
Much irrigation water lost to seepage and evaporation
In some countries, low cost encourages over-use of water
Irrigation damages soil
Waterlogging – soil is saturated with water, plant roots die from lack of oxygen
Salinization - mineral salts accumulate in soils, lethal to plants