Chapters 60-63 Flashcards
cancellous bone
spongy bone
cortical bone
compact bone
epiphyses
rounded, irregular ends of long bones
diaphyses
long shafts of bones in the arms and legs
osteoblasts
cells that build bones
osteocytes
mature bone cells
osteoclasts
cells involved in the destruction, resorption, and remodeling of bone
periosteum
a layer of tissue that covers the bones but not the joints
red bone marrow
- found primarily in the sternum, ileum, vertebrae, and ribs
- manufactures blood cells and hemoglobin
yellow bone marrow
- long bones have it
- consists primarily of fat cells and connective tissue
3 kinds of muscles
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
voluntary muscles
- skeletal muscles
- impulses that travel from efferent nerves of the brain and spinal cord control their function
involuntary muscles
- smooth and cardiac muscles
- their activity is controlled by mechanisms in their tissue of origin and by neurotransmitters released from the autonomic nervous system
flaccid
a muscle that has no tone or is limp
spastic
a muscle that has greater than normal tonus
atonic
a muscle that is not enervated becomes soft and flabby
hypertrophy
muscle enlargement that occurs with repetitive exertion over time
atrophy
muscle deterioration that occurs with lack of use and exercise
tonus
muscle tone
joint
junction between two or more bones
synarthrodial joints
- immovable
- ex: at the suture line of skull between the temporal and occipital bones
amphiarthrodial joints
- slightly movable
- ex: between the vertebrae
diathrodial joints (synovial joints)
- freely movable
- ex: fingers
adduction
movement toward the middle of the body
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
dorsiflexion
movement that flexes hand back towards body or foot toward leg
flexion
bending of a joint
extension
return movement from flexion
hyperextension
extension beyond straight or neutral position
supination
rotation of the forearm so that palm of hand is up
pronation
rotation of forearm so that palm of hand is down
rotation
turning or movement of a part around its axis
external (outward) rotation
movement away from the center
internal (inward) rotation
movement toward the center
tendons
cordlike structures that attach muscles to the periosteum of the bone
origin
fixed attachment of a muscle
insertion
movable attachment of a muscle
ligaments
consist of fibrous tissue, connect two adjacent, freely movable bones
cartilage
firm, dense type of connective tissue
bursa
small sac filled with synovial fluid
neurovascular assessment findings
- circulation
- sensation
- mobility
- pain
kyphosis
exaggerated convex curvature of the thoracic spine (humpback)
lordosis
excessive concave curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
traumatic injury physical assessment begins with?
taking vital signs
arthrogram
uses radiopaque contrast or air injected into a joint to view irregular surfaces and movement of the joint
arthroscopy
internal inspection of a joint using an instrument called an arthroscope
arthrocentesis
aspiration of synovial fluid
FRAX
used to predict a pts 10 yr risk for fractures, as well as the risk for having osteoporosis
bone scan
uses the IV injection of a radionucleotide to detect the uptake of the radioactive substance by the bone
electromyography
tests the electrical potential of the muscles and nerves leading to the muscles
biopsy
identifies the composition of bone, muscle, or synovium
cast
rigid mold that immobilizes an injured structure while it heals
splint
immobilizes and supports an injured body part in a functional position
braces
provide support, control movement, and prevent additional injury for more long-term use
traction
a method of pulling structures of the musculoskeletal system
skin traction
achieved by applying devices to the skin that indirectly affect the muscles or bones
closed reduction
bone is restored to its normal position by external manipulation
open reduction
bone is surgically exposed and realigned
internal fixation
surgeon secures the bone with metal screws, plates, rods, nails, or pins. A cast or other method of immobilization is then applied
subluxation
dislocation of the artificial joint
avascular necrosis
death of bone tissue owing to diminished or absent blood supply
arthrodesis
fusion of a joint for stabilization and pain relief
arthroplasty
total reconstruction or replacement of a joint with an artificial joint to restore function and relieve pain
hemiarthroplasty
the replacement of one of the articular surfaces in a joint
total arthroplasty
the replacement of both articular surfaces within one joint
osteotomy
cutting and removal of a wedge of bone
strain
injury to a muscle when it is stretched or pulled beyond its capacity
contusion
soft tissue injury resulting from a blow or blunt trauma
sprain
injuries to the ligaments surrounding a joint
ecchymosis
bruising
dislocations
occur when the articular surfaces of a joint are no longer in contact
compartment syndrome
a condition in which a structure such as a tendon or nerve is constricted in a confined space
palsy
decreases sensation and movement
volkmanns contracture
a clawlike deformity of the hand resulting from obstructed arterial blood flow to the forearm and hand
tendinitis
inflammation of of a tendon caused by overuse
epicondylitis
tennis elbow
ganglion cyst
a cystic mass that develops near tendon sheaths and joints of the wrist
carpal tunnel syndrome
a term for a group of symptoms located in the carpal tunnel of the wrist
tinel’s sign
a test that elicits tingling, numbness, and pain for clients with carpal tunnel syndrome
phalen’s signs
which involves having the client flex the wrist for 30 seconds to determine if pain or numbness occurs
fracture
a break in the continuity of a bone
rheumatoid arthritis
an autoimmue systemic inflammatory disorder of connective tissue/joints characterized by chronicity, remissions, and exacerbations
pannus formation
destructive vascular granulation tissue, characteristic of RA
ankylosis
joint immobility
degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- osteoarthritis
- most common form of arthritis
- “wear and tear” disease
- affects weight bearing joints
heberdens nodes
bony enlargement of the distal interphalangeal joints
bouchard’s nodes
bony enlargement of the proximal interphalangeal joints
temporomandibular disorder (TMD)
a cluster of symptoms localized near the jaw
gout
painful metabolic arthritic disorder involving an inflammatory reaction in the joints
hyperuricemia
accumulation of uric acid in the blood
fibromyalgia syndrome
a chronic inflammatory illness consisting of musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic connective tissue disorder of the spine and surrounding cartilaginous joints
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
an autoimmune disorder that involves diffuse connective tissue changes and chronic inflammation
osteomyelitis
an infection of the bone, resulting in limited blood supply to the bone, inflammation of and pressure on the tissue, bone necrosis, and formation of new bone around devitalized bone tissue
involucrum
new bone cells
sequestrum
pocket of necrotic bone
osteoporosis
loss of bone density
osteomalacia
- metabolic bone disease
- softening of bones generally caused by vitamin D deficiency
- bone deformities such as kyphosis and bowing of the legs occur as the disease advances**
hallux valgus
- bunion
- deformity of the great toe and its metatarsophalangeal joint
hammer toe
flexion deformity of the PIP joint and may involve several toes
mallet toe
a flexion deformity of the DIP joint and also can affect several toes
enchondroma
a hyaline cartilage tumor that develops in the hand, ribs, femur, tibia, humerus, or pelvis
osteochondroma
large projection of bone at the ends of long bones, developing during growth periods and then becoming a static bone mass
chondroblastoma
a cartilaginous tumor that forms at the end of long bones, most typically the distal end of the femur of the proximal end pf the humerus
aneursysmal bone cyst
painful, plapable mass found in long or flat bones and vertebrae
unicameral bone cyst
may cause pathologic fractures in the humerus or femur
