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Med Surg: Ch. 60-63 > Chapters 60-63 > Flashcards

Chapters 60-63 Flashcards

1
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy bone

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2
Q

cortical bone

A

compact bone

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3
Q

epiphyses

A

rounded, irregular ends of long bones

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4
Q

diaphyses

A

long shafts of bones in the arms and legs

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5
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that build bones

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6
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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7
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells involved in the destruction, resorption, and remodeling of bone

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8
Q

periosteum

A

a layer of tissue that covers the bones but not the joints

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9
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • found primarily in the sternum, ileum, vertebrae, and ribs
  • manufactures blood cells and hemoglobin
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10
Q

yellow bone marrow

A
  • long bones have it

- consists primarily of fat cells and connective tissue

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11
Q

3 kinds of muscles

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
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12
Q

voluntary muscles

A
  • skeletal muscles

- impulses that travel from efferent nerves of the brain and spinal cord control their function

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13
Q

involuntary muscles

A
  • smooth and cardiac muscles
  • their activity is controlled by mechanisms in their tissue of origin and by neurotransmitters released from the autonomic nervous system
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14
Q

flaccid

A

a muscle that has no tone or is limp

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15
Q

spastic

A

a muscle that has greater than normal tonus

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16
Q

atonic

A

a muscle that is not enervated becomes soft and flabby

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17
Q

hypertrophy

A

muscle enlargement that occurs with repetitive exertion over time

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18
Q

atrophy

A

muscle deterioration that occurs with lack of use and exercise

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19
Q

tonus

A

muscle tone

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20
Q

joint

A

junction between two or more bones

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21
Q

synarthrodial joints

A
  • immovable

- ex: at the suture line of skull between the temporal and occipital bones

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22
Q

amphiarthrodial joints

A
  • slightly movable

- ex: between the vertebrae

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23
Q

diathrodial joints (synovial joints)

A
  • freely movable

- ex: fingers

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24
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the middle of the body

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25
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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26
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement that flexes hand back towards body or foot toward leg

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27
Q

flexion

A

bending of a joint

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28
Q

extension

A

return movement from flexion

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29
Q

hyperextension

A

extension beyond straight or neutral position

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30
Q

supination

A

rotation of the forearm so that palm of hand is up

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31
Q

pronation

A

rotation of forearm so that palm of hand is down

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32
Q

rotation

A

turning or movement of a part around its axis

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33
Q

external (outward) rotation

A

movement away from the center

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34
Q

internal (inward) rotation

A

movement toward the center

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35
Q

tendons

A

cordlike structures that attach muscles to the periosteum of the bone

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36
Q

origin

A

fixed attachment of a muscle

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37
Q

insertion

A

movable attachment of a muscle

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38
Q

ligaments

A

consist of fibrous tissue, connect two adjacent, freely movable bones

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39
Q

cartilage

A

firm, dense type of connective tissue

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40
Q

bursa

A

small sac filled with synovial fluid

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41
Q

neurovascular assessment findings

A
  • circulation
  • sensation
  • mobility
  • pain
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42
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggerated convex curvature of the thoracic spine (humpback)

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43
Q

lordosis

A

excessive concave curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)

44
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine

45
Q

traumatic injury physical assessment begins with?

A

taking vital signs

46
Q

arthrogram

A

uses radiopaque contrast or air injected into a joint to view irregular surfaces and movement of the joint

47
Q

arthroscopy

A

internal inspection of a joint using an instrument called an arthroscope

48
Q

arthrocentesis

A

aspiration of synovial fluid

49
Q

FRAX

A

used to predict a pts 10 yr risk for fractures, as well as the risk for having osteoporosis

50
Q

bone scan

A

uses the IV injection of a radionucleotide to detect the uptake of the radioactive substance by the bone

51
Q

electromyography

A

tests the electrical potential of the muscles and nerves leading to the muscles

52
Q

biopsy

A

identifies the composition of bone, muscle, or synovium

53
Q

cast

A

rigid mold that immobilizes an injured structure while it heals

54
Q

splint

A

immobilizes and supports an injured body part in a functional position

55
Q

braces

A

provide support, control movement, and prevent additional injury for more long-term use

56
Q

traction

A

a method of pulling structures of the musculoskeletal system

57
Q

skin traction

A

achieved by applying devices to the skin that indirectly affect the muscles or bones

58
Q

closed reduction

A

bone is restored to its normal position by external manipulation

59
Q

open reduction

A

bone is surgically exposed and realigned

60
Q

internal fixation

A

surgeon secures the bone with metal screws, plates, rods, nails, or pins. A cast or other method of immobilization is then applied

61
Q

subluxation

A

dislocation of the artificial joint

62
Q

avascular necrosis

A

death of bone tissue owing to diminished or absent blood supply

63
Q

arthrodesis

A

fusion of a joint for stabilization and pain relief

64
Q

arthroplasty

A

total reconstruction or replacement of a joint with an artificial joint to restore function and relieve pain

65
Q

hemiarthroplasty

A

the replacement of one of the articular surfaces in a joint

66
Q

total arthroplasty

A

the replacement of both articular surfaces within one joint

67
Q

osteotomy

A

cutting and removal of a wedge of bone

68
Q

strain

A

injury to a muscle when it is stretched or pulled beyond its capacity

69
Q

contusion

A

soft tissue injury resulting from a blow or blunt trauma

70
Q

sprain

A

injuries to the ligaments surrounding a joint

71
Q

ecchymosis

A

bruising

72
Q

dislocations

A

occur when the articular surfaces of a joint are no longer in contact

73
Q

compartment syndrome

A

a condition in which a structure such as a tendon or nerve is constricted in a confined space

74
Q

palsy

A

decreases sensation and movement

75
Q

volkmanns contracture

A

a clawlike deformity of the hand resulting from obstructed arterial blood flow to the forearm and hand

76
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of of a tendon caused by overuse

77
Q

epicondylitis

A

tennis elbow

78
Q

ganglion cyst

A

a cystic mass that develops near tendon sheaths and joints of the wrist

79
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

a term for a group of symptoms located in the carpal tunnel of the wrist

80
Q

tinel’s sign

A

a test that elicits tingling, numbness, and pain for clients with carpal tunnel syndrome

81
Q

phalen’s signs

A

which involves having the client flex the wrist for 30 seconds to determine if pain or numbness occurs

82
Q

fracture

A

a break in the continuity of a bone

83
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

an autoimmue systemic inflammatory disorder of connective tissue/joints characterized by chronicity, remissions, and exacerbations

84
Q

pannus formation

A

destructive vascular granulation tissue, characteristic of RA

85
Q

ankylosis

A

joint immobility

86
Q

degenerative joint disease (DJD)

A
  • osteoarthritis
  • most common form of arthritis
  • “wear and tear” disease
  • affects weight bearing joints
87
Q

heberdens nodes

A

bony enlargement of the distal interphalangeal joints

88
Q

bouchard’s nodes

A

bony enlargement of the proximal interphalangeal joints

89
Q

temporomandibular disorder (TMD)

A

a cluster of symptoms localized near the jaw

90
Q

gout

A

painful metabolic arthritic disorder involving an inflammatory reaction in the joints

91
Q

hyperuricemia

A

accumulation of uric acid in the blood

92
Q

fibromyalgia syndrome

A

a chronic inflammatory illness consisting of musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances

93
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic connective tissue disorder of the spine and surrounding cartilaginous joints

94
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

an autoimmune disorder that involves diffuse connective tissue changes and chronic inflammation

95
Q

osteomyelitis

A

an infection of the bone, resulting in limited blood supply to the bone, inflammation of and pressure on the tissue, bone necrosis, and formation of new bone around devitalized bone tissue

96
Q

involucrum

A

new bone cells

97
Q

sequestrum

A

pocket of necrotic bone

98
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone density

99
Q

osteomalacia

A
  • metabolic bone disease
  • softening of bones generally caused by vitamin D deficiency
    • bone deformities such as kyphosis and bowing of the legs occur as the disease advances**
100
Q

hallux valgus

A
  • bunion

- deformity of the great toe and its metatarsophalangeal joint

101
Q

hammer toe

A

flexion deformity of the PIP joint and may involve several toes

102
Q

mallet toe

A

a flexion deformity of the DIP joint and also can affect several toes

103
Q

enchondroma

A

a hyaline cartilage tumor that develops in the hand, ribs, femur, tibia, humerus, or pelvis

104
Q

osteochondroma

A

large projection of bone at the ends of long bones, developing during growth periods and then becoming a static bone mass

105
Q

chondroblastoma

A

a cartilaginous tumor that forms at the end of long bones, most typically the distal end of the femur of the proximal end pf the humerus

106
Q

aneursysmal bone cyst

A

painful, plapable mass found in long or flat bones and vertebrae

107
Q

unicameral bone cyst

A

may cause pathologic fractures in the humerus or femur

Med Surg: Ch. 60-63 (1 decks)

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