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Biology 111 > Chapters 6-8 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed but energy can be changed from one form to another

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2
Q

State the second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can not be changed from one form to another without the loss of usable energy

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3
Q

Define potential energy

A

Stored energy

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4
Q

Give examples of potential energy stored in biologically important molecules

A

Glucose molecules and ATP

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5
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion

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6
Q

What is entropy?

A

Calculating how much unusable energy is present in a system

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7
Q

Does the universe move toward less entropy or more entropy?

A

Less entropy

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8
Q

When molecules move from being more complex and organized to less complex and less organized, what happens to entropy?

A

Entropy increases

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9
Q

Molecules becoming less complex and less organized are associated with what type of reactions?

A

Exergonic negative delta G reactions

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10
Q

When molecules move from being less complex and less organized to being more complex and more organized, what happens to entropy?

A

Entropy decreases

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11
Q

Molecules becoming more complex and more organized are associated with what type of reaction?

A

Endergonic positive delta G reactions

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12
Q

What are the three parts of ATP?

A
  1. Nucleotide base Adenine
  2. 5 carbon sugar Ribose
  3. 3 Phosphate groups
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13
Q

What happens at the active site of an enzyme?

A

Final interactions between the enzyme and the substrate change the shape of the active site. This makes the reaction favorable and the reaction proceeds.

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14
Q

Define reactant (substrate)

A

Any substance that undergoes a chemical change in a given reaction

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15
Q

Define products

A

A substance obtained from another substance through chemical change

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16
Q

Define the energy of activation

A

The energy that must be added to a system in order for the reaction to occur

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17
Q

What does an enzyme do to the energy of activation (activation energy) of a reaction?

A

Enzymes lower the energy of activate or reduce the energy needed for a reaction to begin

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18
Q

What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

A

The 3D structure of an enzyme is not correct

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19
Q

What happens to a reaction rate when an enzyme is denatured?

A

The reaction rate decreases

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20
Q

True or False: A low pH (acidic) or a high pH (basic) solution cause denaturation?

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: A high temperature can denature an enzyme?

A

True

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22
Q

What is the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme?

A

?

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23
Q

True or False: Cofactors include metal ions?

A

True

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24
Q

True or False: Coenzymes include vitamins?

A

True

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25
Q

Describe non-competitive enzyme inhibition

A

?

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26
Q

Describe competitive enzyme inhibition

A

?

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27
Q

Define oxidation

A

The lose of electrons

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28
Q

Define reduction

A

The gain of electrons

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29
Q

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

A

Autotrophs are photosynthetic organisms because they produce their own food while heterotrophs are not photosynthetic because the must consume their food.

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30
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small openings in the leaves of flowering plants

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31
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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32
Q

What molecule is the electron carrier in photosynthesis?

A

?

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33
Q

What scientist used an isotope of oxygen to discover that the oxygen gas produced comes from water?

A

C. B. van Neil

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34
Q

What are the two major sets of reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions and Calvin Cycle reactions

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35
Q

What is the starting molecule in the light reaction?

A

?

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36
Q

Where does the energy in the light reaction come from?

A

?

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37
Q

What is released into the atmosphere during the light reaction?

A

Oxygen

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38
Q

Where is this oxygen released into the atmosphere during the light reaction?

A

?

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39
Q

What moves to the Calvin Cycle from the light reaction?

A

?

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40
Q

What is the starting molecule in the Calvin Cycle?

A

RuBP (5 carbon) molecule

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41
Q

What is the final product in the Calvin Cycle?

A

G3P

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42
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle happen?

A

?

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43
Q

What is the relationship between pigments and photosystems?

A

Photosystems contain light absorbing pigments

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44
Q

Are pigments and photosystems part of the light reaction or Calvin Cycle?

A

Light reaction

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45
Q

Chlorophyll a absorbs what wavelengths of light?

A

Violet, blue, and red spectrum

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46
Q

Chlorophyll b absorbs what wavelengths of light?

A

Violet, blue, and red spectrum

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47
Q

Carotenoids absorb what wavelengths of light?

A

Violet, blue, and green range

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48
Q

What wavelengths do Chlorophyll a reflect?

A

Green

49
Q

What wavelengths do Chlorophyll b reflect?

A

Green

50
Q

What wavelengths do Carotenoids reflect?

A

Orange and yellow

51
Q

Which wavelengths do our eyes use to tell us what color we are seeing?

A

Our eyes see what is being reflected not absorbed.

52
Q

What wavelengths of light absorption result in oxygen production?

A

?

53
Q

Are the wavelengths of light absorption that result in oxygen production the same as the absorption by the photosystems pigments?

A

?

54
Q

Where in the chloroplast is the electron transport chain?

A

?

55
Q

What is the difference between Photosystem II and Photosystem I?

A

?

56
Q

Which Photosystem was named first?

A

?

57
Q

Which Photosystem comes first in the process?

A

?

58
Q

Where is H+ pumped to create an electrochemical gradient?

A

?

59
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

?

60
Q

Where is ATP Synthase?

A

?

61
Q

What does ATP Synthase do?

A

?

62
Q

How is ATP Synthase involved in photophosphorylation?

A

?

63
Q

Explain the relationship between Carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle?

A

?

64
Q

What is RuBP?

A

?

65
Q

What is RuBP carboxylate?

A

?

66
Q

How is ATP used in the Calvin Cycle?

A

?

67
Q

Where does ATP in the Calvin Cycle come from?

A

?

68
Q

How is NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle?

A

?

69
Q

Where does NADPH come from in the Calvin Cycle?

A

?

70
Q

How do you go from a 5 carbon RuBP to a 6 carbon molecule in the Calvin Cycle?

A

?

71
Q

What do mesothelioma cells have in them?

A

?

72
Q

What is G3P?

A

?

73
Q

How does G3P become sucrose, starch, and/or cellulose?

A

?

74
Q

True or False: G3P can also become a fatty acid?

A

True

75
Q

True or False: G3P can also become an amino acid?

A

True

76
Q

What happens in C3 plants when stomata closes, oxygen concentration rises, and carbon dioxide concentration decreases?

A

?

77
Q

Why is the closing of the stomata considered photorespiration instead of photosynthesis?

A

?

78
Q

What is the difference in the location of chloroplasts in C3 plants versus C4 plants?

A

?

79
Q

Describe how C4 plants divided carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle in different areas of the leaf

A

?

80
Q

In C4 plants, the enzyme PEPCase doesn’t combine with oxygen even when the stomata are closed. Explain how this makes photosynthesis more efficient when it’s hot and the stomata are closed.

A

?

81
Q

Give examples of C4 plants.

A

?

82
Q

Give examples of C3 plants.

A

?

83
Q

Pineapples use what type of photosynthesis?

A

?

84
Q

How is carbon fixation divided from the Calvin Cycles in CAM plants?

A

?

85
Q

When are the stomata of CAM plants open?

A

?

86
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

87
Q

What two coenzymes accept electrons and are therefore reduced and then take the electrons to the electron transport chain?

A

NAD+ and FAD

88
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of NAD+?

A

(NAD+) + (2 e-) + (H+) = NADH

89
Q

Name the three phases of cell respiration.

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
  3. Electron Transport Chain
90
Q

What is the step between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) in cellular respiration?

A

Preparatory step

91
Q

What molecule enters Glycolysis?

A

Six carbon molecule of Glucose

92
Q

What is the final product of Glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

93
Q

How many ATP are produced during Glycolysis?

A

2

94
Q

Is Glycolysis phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?

A

?

95
Q

Is NADH produced during Glycolysis?

A

Yes 2 NADH are produced.

96
Q

Where in the cell does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

97
Q

Describe the Preparatory Step that occurs before the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle). What is the product?

A

3 carbon pyruvate is transformed to 2 carbon Acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide is released. 2 NAD+ molecules are reduced to NADH.

98
Q

What is lost during the Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) in order to produce this two carbon molecule from a three carbon pyruvate?

A

Carbon dioxide

99
Q

What is the name of the four carbon molecule that joins with Acetyl CoA in the first step of the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) to produce six carbon citrate?

A

Oxaloacetate

100
Q

Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occur?

A

Mitochondria

101
Q

How much CO2 is produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?

A

4

102
Q

How much ATP is produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?

A

2

103
Q

Is NADH produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?

A

Yes 6 NADH are produced.

104
Q

Is FADH2 produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?

A

Yes 2 FADH2 are produced.

105
Q

Specifically whee in the mitochondria is the electron transport chain?

A

Cristae of the mitochondria (or the plasma membrane of erotic prokaryotes)

106
Q

True or False: NADH-Q, cytochrome reductase, and cytochrome oxidase are not electron carriers?

A

False; they are electron carriers.

107
Q

Where is ATP Synthase?

A

?

108
Q

Where is the electrochemical gradient being formed during ATP Synthase?

A

?

109
Q

What is providing the energy for H+ pumping?

A

Three protein complexes

110
Q

How do we use the term chemiosmosis?

A

?

111
Q

What does ATP Synthase do?

A

?

112
Q

How many ATP are formed by the electron transport chain for ever glucose molecule that enters Glycolysis?

A

6

113
Q

How many ATP are formed for every glucose molecule during all of cellular respiration?

A

34 (32 if have a hard time with NADH)

114
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

115
Q

Why does water form at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen is reduced to form water.

116
Q

Define catabolism

A

The breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy

117
Q

Define anabolism

A

The synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances from simpler ones

118
Q

What product from the Preparatory Step can be used to synthesize both amino acids and fatty acids?

A

?

119
Q

Can amino acids and fatty acids be broken down into products that can enter Glycolysis?

A

?

Biology 111 (2 decks)

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