Chapters 6-8 Flashcards
State the first law of thermodynamics
Energy can not be created or destroyed but energy can be changed from one form to another
State the second law of thermodynamics
Energy can not be changed from one form to another without the loss of usable energy
Define potential energy
Stored energy
Give examples of potential energy stored in biologically important molecules
Glucose molecules and ATP
Define kinetic energy
The energy of motion
What is entropy?
Calculating how much unusable energy is present in a system
Does the universe move toward less entropy or more entropy?
Less entropy
When molecules move from being more complex and organized to less complex and less organized, what happens to entropy?
Entropy increases
Molecules becoming less complex and less organized are associated with what type of reactions?
Exergonic negative delta G reactions
When molecules move from being less complex and less organized to being more complex and more organized, what happens to entropy?
Entropy decreases
Molecules becoming more complex and more organized are associated with what type of reaction?
Endergonic positive delta G reactions
What are the three parts of ATP?
- Nucleotide base Adenine
- 5 carbon sugar Ribose
- 3 Phosphate groups
What happens at the active site of an enzyme?
Final interactions between the enzyme and the substrate change the shape of the active site. This makes the reaction favorable and the reaction proceeds.
Define reactant (substrate)
Any substance that undergoes a chemical change in a given reaction
Define products
A substance obtained from another substance through chemical change
Define the energy of activation
The energy that must be added to a system in order for the reaction to occur
What does an enzyme do to the energy of activation (activation energy) of a reaction?
Enzymes lower the energy of activate or reduce the energy needed for a reaction to begin
What happens when an enzyme is denatured?
The 3D structure of an enzyme is not correct
What happens to a reaction rate when an enzyme is denatured?
The reaction rate decreases
True or False: A low pH (acidic) or a high pH (basic) solution cause denaturation?
True
True or False: A high temperature can denature an enzyme?
True
What is the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme?
?
True or False: Cofactors include metal ions?
True
True or False: Coenzymes include vitamins?
True
Describe non-competitive enzyme inhibition
?
Describe competitive enzyme inhibition
?
Define oxidation
The lose of electrons
Define reduction
The gain of electrons
What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
Autotrophs are photosynthetic organisms because they produce their own food while heterotrophs are not photosynthetic because the must consume their food.
What are stomata?
Small openings in the leaves of flowering plants
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2
What molecule is the electron carrier in photosynthesis?
?
What scientist used an isotope of oxygen to discover that the oxygen gas produced comes from water?
C. B. van Neil
What are the two major sets of reactions in photosynthesis?
Light reactions and Calvin Cycle reactions
What is the starting molecule in the light reaction?
?
Where does the energy in the light reaction come from?
?
What is released into the atmosphere during the light reaction?
Oxygen
Where is this oxygen released into the atmosphere during the light reaction?
?
What moves to the Calvin Cycle from the light reaction?
?
What is the starting molecule in the Calvin Cycle?
RuBP (5 carbon) molecule
What is the final product in the Calvin Cycle?
G3P
Where does the Calvin Cycle happen?
?
What is the relationship between pigments and photosystems?
Photosystems contain light absorbing pigments
Are pigments and photosystems part of the light reaction or Calvin Cycle?
Light reaction
Chlorophyll a absorbs what wavelengths of light?
Violet, blue, and red spectrum
Chlorophyll b absorbs what wavelengths of light?
Violet, blue, and red spectrum
Carotenoids absorb what wavelengths of light?
Violet, blue, and green range
What wavelengths do Chlorophyll a reflect?
Green
What wavelengths do Chlorophyll b reflect?
Green
What wavelengths do Carotenoids reflect?
Orange and yellow
Which wavelengths do our eyes use to tell us what color we are seeing?
Our eyes see what is being reflected not absorbed.
What wavelengths of light absorption result in oxygen production?
?
Are the wavelengths of light absorption that result in oxygen production the same as the absorption by the photosystems pigments?
?
Where in the chloroplast is the electron transport chain?
?
What is the difference between Photosystem II and Photosystem I?
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Which Photosystem was named first?
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Which Photosystem comes first in the process?
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Where is H+ pumped to create an electrochemical gradient?
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What is chemiosmosis?
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Where is ATP Synthase?
?
What does ATP Synthase do?
?
How is ATP Synthase involved in photophosphorylation?
?
Explain the relationship between Carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle?
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What is RuBP?
?
What is RuBP carboxylate?
?
How is ATP used in the Calvin Cycle?
?
Where does ATP in the Calvin Cycle come from?
?
How is NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle?
?
Where does NADPH come from in the Calvin Cycle?
?
How do you go from a 5 carbon RuBP to a 6 carbon molecule in the Calvin Cycle?
?
What do mesothelioma cells have in them?
?
What is G3P?
?
How does G3P become sucrose, starch, and/or cellulose?
?
True or False: G3P can also become a fatty acid?
True
True or False: G3P can also become an amino acid?
True
What happens in C3 plants when stomata closes, oxygen concentration rises, and carbon dioxide concentration decreases?
?
Why is the closing of the stomata considered photorespiration instead of photosynthesis?
?
What is the difference in the location of chloroplasts in C3 plants versus C4 plants?
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Describe how C4 plants divided carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle in different areas of the leaf
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In C4 plants, the enzyme PEPCase doesn’t combine with oxygen even when the stomata are closed. Explain how this makes photosynthesis more efficient when it’s hot and the stomata are closed.
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Give examples of C4 plants.
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Give examples of C3 plants.
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Pineapples use what type of photosynthesis?
?
How is carbon fixation divided from the Calvin Cycles in CAM plants?
?
When are the stomata of CAM plants open?
?
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
What two coenzymes accept electrons and are therefore reduced and then take the electrons to the electron transport chain?
NAD+ and FAD
What is the equation for the reduction of NAD+?
(NAD+) + (2 e-) + (H+) = NADH
Name the three phases of cell respiration.
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Electron Transport Chain
What is the step between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) in cellular respiration?
Preparatory step
What molecule enters Glycolysis?
Six carbon molecule of Glucose
What is the final product of Glycolysis?
Pyruvate
How many ATP are produced during Glycolysis?
2
Is Glycolysis phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?
?
Is NADH produced during Glycolysis?
Yes 2 NADH are produced.
Where in the cell does Glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Describe the Preparatory Step that occurs before the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle). What is the product?
3 carbon pyruvate is transformed to 2 carbon Acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide is released. 2 NAD+ molecules are reduced to NADH.
What is lost during the Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) in order to produce this two carbon molecule from a three carbon pyruvate?
Carbon dioxide
What is the name of the four carbon molecule that joins with Acetyl CoA in the first step of the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) to produce six carbon citrate?
Oxaloacetate
Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occur?
Mitochondria
How much CO2 is produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
4
How much ATP is produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
2
Is NADH produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
Yes 6 NADH are produced.
Is FADH2 produced during the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)?
Yes 2 FADH2 are produced.
Specifically whee in the mitochondria is the electron transport chain?
Cristae of the mitochondria (or the plasma membrane of erotic prokaryotes)
True or False: NADH-Q, cytochrome reductase, and cytochrome oxidase are not electron carriers?
False; they are electron carriers.
Where is ATP Synthase?
?
Where is the electrochemical gradient being formed during ATP Synthase?
?
What is providing the energy for H+ pumping?
Three protein complexes
How do we use the term chemiosmosis?
?
What does ATP Synthase do?
?
How many ATP are formed by the electron transport chain for ever glucose molecule that enters Glycolysis?
6
How many ATP are formed for every glucose molecule during all of cellular respiration?
34 (32 if have a hard time with NADH)
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
Why does water form at the end of the electron transport chain?
Oxygen is reduced to form water.
Define catabolism
The breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy
Define anabolism
The synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances from simpler ones
What product from the Preparatory Step can be used to synthesize both amino acids and fatty acids?
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Can amino acids and fatty acids be broken down into products that can enter Glycolysis?
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