Chapters 6-8 Flashcards
Enzyme
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.
Aquaporin
Special protein channels used to move water across the membrane. Osmosis and facilitated diffusion
Receptor Site
Communication, receive information from the outside and communicate to the cell
Cell to Cell recognition
Cells ability to recognize each other in order to keep pathogens away
Exocytosis
releasing substances or contents from the cell to the outside; makes the cells surface area increase
Cyto- cytoplasm
Passive Diffusion
Movement of solute particles from high to low concentration without energy. Moves down its concentration gradient. Particles move at the same rate this happens across the cell membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
The movement of particles using a facilitator to help move across the cell membrane because that molecule is not membrane permeable. The use of a transport protein. High to low and down concentration gradient.
Active transport
Requires ATP and a transport protein. It moves from low to high concentration. Against the concentration gradient. Example: Sodium Potassium Pump
Sodium potassium pump
Moving of sodium potassium ions by active transport. It needs APT we know this because of the word pump
Centrioles
Microtubule organizing centers for animal cells. They have 9 triplet microtubules. Basal bodies anchor cilia and flagella.
Plasmodesmata
Channels between plant cells that allow direct flow from one cells cytoplasm to the cytoplasm in cells next to it.
Microfilaments
Made from two intertwined strands of actin subunits. Thinner than microtubules
Extra cellular matrix
Found in animal cells due to their lack of a cell wall. Made of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycan, and fibronectins. Those glycoproteins are connected to receptor proteins in the cell membrane called integrins.
Integrins
Used for support, adhesion, movement and identity.
Tight Junctions
Found in animal cells, membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together.
Desmosomes
Fasten cells together into strong sheets
Gap Junctions
(communication junction) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells like plasmodesmata in plant cells.
Microtubules
Used for cell shape, cilia, flagella, and centrioles. Are used to move organelle like chromosomes.
Cilia and Flagella’s common characteristics
Composed of mictotubules and covered with the plasma membrane.
Nucleus
Found in plants and animals. Control center of cell that contains DNA. Instruction for cells function and activity.
Ribosomes
Found in all cells p and e. Work bench where proteins are made. Plant ribosomes are smaller than animal ribosomes.
Cell wall
Found in prokaryotic and plant cells. Peptidoglycan, 3 basic shapes, cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. Used to prevent cell from bursting.
Cell membrane
Found in all cells P and E. protective barrier that regulates the passage of substances into and out of cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Found in plant and animal cells. There are 2 types rough and smooth.
Rough ER
Presence of ribosomes, protein synthesis, packed to golgi apparatus.
Smooth ER
Lack of ribosomes, lipid, detoxification, stores calcium.
Lysosome
Found in animal cells. Digestive enzymes, breakdown molecules within cells, hydrolysis, low ph, attack pathogens with acid, self destruct.
Golgi Apparatus
Found in eukaryotic cells (plant and animal) , processing, packaging, and distributing proteins and lipids within the cell
Mitochondria
Found in eukaryotes (plant and animal cells) . Responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
Chloroplast
Found in plants cells. Responsible for photosynthesis, light energy into chemical energy, stored in glucose.
Vacuole
Found in eukaryotic cells plants and animals. Store varies substances such as water, nutrients, waste products. Smaller in animal cells
Centriole
Found in animal cells. Cell division by organizing the spindle fibers that help separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
Central Vacuole
Maintains water pressure in plant cells.
Cytoskeleton
Found in eukaryotes animal and plant cells. maintains cell shape, structural support, facilitating intracellular transport and cell movement.
Peroxisome
Found in eukaryotic cells plant and animal cells, lipid metabolism and detoxification process within a cell.
Cilia
Found in prokaryotes and animal cells. Tiny hair like structures that are on surface of cell that helps it attach.
Flagella
Found in prokaryotes and animal cells. Tail like structure that allows movement.
Cytoplasm
Found in all cells. Gel like substance that surrounds the organelles. Supports and protects. Movement of materials.
What process did prokaryotes become part of the eukaryotic cell?
Endosymbiosis
What evidence is shown of endosymbiosis
- Folding of a protein
- Engulfing of a protein
- Shared functions or housing of cell
What two types of membrane does mitochondria have?
The outer membrane which is smooth
The intermembrane which is highly folded
these folds are called Cristae
Chlorophyll is found in…..
The thylakoid
What are the 5 organelles that are a result of the endomembrane system?
- Lysosome
2.Nuclear envelope - Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Vesicles
Smaller cells have a…..
Higher surface area to volume ratio and it is more efficient in the exchange of materials with the environment.
Increase in volume is……
Less efficient
6 Examples of cells that increase surface area to volume are…
- Root hair cells- absorption of water and minerals
- Gut epithelial cells- absorption of nutrients and water
- Cilia
- Stamata- leaves, exchange of gases
- Guard cells- found around stomata
- Folding of protein
Nucloid region
Found in prokaryotes. Area where circular DNA is found. DNA has no histone proteins
Capsule
Found in some prokaryotes. Allows cells to adhere substrates and offers additional protection.
Plasma membrane
regulates what crosses the cell membrane.
Pili
Found in prokaryotes. It allows for the cell to exchange DNA with another cell.
Lamella
Found in prokaryotic cells and plant cells. If cell is photosynthetic, membrane where photosynthetic pigments are attached.
Plasmid
Found in prokaryotic cells. Small circle of DNA, contains genes, can have genes that are antibiotic resistence which helps the bacteria survive.
Nucleolus
Found in eukaryotic cells. A dark staining object in the nucleus. Contains DNA which codes for production of ribosomal RNA. Used to form ribosomal proteins.
What are the three functions of the Golgi apparatus?
- Modifying proteins from ER
- Manufacturing certain poly-saccharides
- Contributing to plasma membrane
Leucoplasts
Found in plant cells. Responsible for storage of starch
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable because……
Of its hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
What can pass through the membrane unaided?
Steroids (cholesterol) and small molecules (O2 and CO2). Any material that is non polar.
What cannot pass through the membrane without a transport protein?
Large molecules (glucose or starch) and highly charges ions (H plus and OH minus)
All membranes are made from a bilayer of…..
Phospholipids
How do phospholipids move?
They move laterally but only upon rare occasion are able to make a 180 turn or flip upside down.
Kinks
Where there is a double bond between the carbons that is where it bonds. Found in unsaturated fats.
Cholesterol
Found in animal cells membrane. It affects the fluidity of the membrane.
Functions of the cholesterol
- Weakly bind to hydrocarbon tails making it more difficult for smaller molecules to cross membrane.
- if phospholipid is saturated, it prevents them from packing more closely making it more fluid.
- if the phospholipid is unsaturated there are kinks in the tails where cholesterol fits in making the membrane less fluid.
Osmosis
movement of water through a selective permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
Electrogenic pump
It pumps ions against a concentration gradient and a charge gradient to create a separation of charge across the membrane.
What are the 3 types of Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
2.Pinocytosis
3.Receptor Mediated
Phagocytosis
“Cell eating” Larger molecules or particles are brought into the cell by engulfing them into a plasma membrane vesicle
Pinocytosis
“Cell Drinking” Dissolved molecules are brought into the cell by engulfing them into a plasma membrane vesicle.
Receptor mediated
Receptors on the outside of cell membrane allow for the attachment of a particular molecule. When a certain number of receptor sites filled, endocytosis occurs.
Induced fit
change in shape facilitates the chemical reaction to occur. Happens when a substrate interacts with the enzyme causing it to change shape.
Energy of activation
The energy used to break the bonds in reactants so they can be reformed in the products.
Inhibitors
Prevents something from happening.
At 0 degrees Celsius the enzyme activity substrate and enzymes….
Are not colliding often.
What happens if the temperature rises in an enzyme activity?
It will cause it to denature and be destroyed it will no longer work.
Competitive inhibitors
It will bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active site of enzyme. Ex: Cyanide
Noncompetitive inhibitors
bind to allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme, by changing its shape.
How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
Catabolic
Breakdown molecules
Anabolic
Synthesize molecules
