Chapters 6-7 Flashcards
Capacity to do work
Energy
The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement
Work
How energy flows through a living system
Bioenergetics
All the chemical reactions that take place inside cells
Metabolism
A specific series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate into a final product
Metabolic Pathway
Anabolic and Endergonic Process
Photosynthesis
Catabolic and Exergonic Process
Cellular Respiration
Building of new, bigger molecules from smaller molecules
Anabolism
Breaking apart larger molecules into smaller molecules
Catabolism
Requires energy
Anabolic Metabolism
Creates Energy
Catabolic Metabolism
Energy associated with objects in motion
Kinetic Energy
Energy with the potential to do work
Potential Energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds and is released when those bonds are broken
Chemical Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADH
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
NADPH
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
FAD
Amount of energy in a system that is available to do work
Free Energy
Reaction that releases free energy
Exergonic Reaction
Exergonic reaction that occurs without the addition of energy
Spontaneous Reaction
Reactions that require an input of free energy
Endergonic Reaction
Endergonic reaction that cannot occur without the addition of energy
Non-Spontaneous Reaction
The study of energy and energy transfer in physical matter
Thermodynamics
Physical matter involved and the environment it is in
System
Everything outside the system
Surroundings
Energy and matter can move freely between the system and its surroundings
Open System
Matter cannot be transferred from its system to its surroundings
Closed System
Open system subject to the laws of physics
Biological System
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy transfer is not fully efficient, and some energy will be lost
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Amount of randomness and disorder in a system
Entropy
Adding water into a reaction
Hydrolysis
Binding a phosphate group to a molecule
Phosphorylation
Strategy where cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed
Energy Coupling
Removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
Dephosphorylation
An enzyme takes a phosphate off of a substrate and puts it onto an ADP molecule to remake ATP
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Process that 90% of ATP is made from
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Protein that helps biological reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction
Enzyme
Amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
Activation Energy
Chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds
Substrate
Place on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Active Site
Substance that helps a chemical reaction occur
Catalyst
R group present at an enzyme active site that allows it to hold specific molecules in a specific orientation for chemical reactions to take place
Specificity
Loss of function due to loss of structure
Denaturation
An inhibitor molecule that competes with a substrate for the spot at the active site
Competitive Inhibition
An inhibitor molecule that binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site
Non-Competitive Inhibition
An inhibitor molecule that binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site and changes the shape so the substrate cannot bind to the active site
Allosteric Inhibition
An activator molecule that bonds to the enzyme someplace other than the active site and increases the likelihood of the enzyme for its substrate
Allosteric Activator
Inorganic helper ions
Cofactors
Organic helper molecules
Coenzymes
Similar reactions all stored in one place
Compartmentalization
The use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production
Feedback Inhibition
Removal of an electron from a molecule
Oxidation
Addition of an electron to another compound
Reduction
Accepts electrons
Oxidizing Agent
Donates electrons
Reducing Agent
Oxidation and reduction reactions that occur together
Redox Reaction
Vitamin B electron carriers
NAD+ and FAD+
First step in cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
Doesn’t require oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Does require energy
Aerobic Respiration
Can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Facultative Aerobe
Process that uses an organic molecule other than oxygen as an electron acceptor to recycle NAD+
Fermentation
Organic molecule used to recycle the NAD+ that was just generated
Pyruvate
Pyruvate is reduced into lactate and NADH is oxidized back into NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon molecule and serves as an electron acceptor for NADH, forming the NAD+
Alcohol Fermentation
What the Pyruvate is converted into during alcohol fermentation
Acetaldehyde
Reduction of CO2 to methane gas in order to oxidize NADH back to NAD+
Methanogens
Second step of cellular respiration that removes CO2, reduces NAD+, and becomes acetyl CoA
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Third step in cellular respiration that is a closed loop, and reduces a lot of electron carriers
Citric Acid Cycle
Part of the fourth step of cellular respiration that directly uses oxygen that is a series of redox reactions
Electron Transport Chain
The diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane
Chemiosmosis
Special integral membrane proteins that move hydrogen ions back into the mitochondrial matrix
ATP Synthase
Fourth Step in cellular respiration involving the flow of electrons along a series of membrane-bound proteins, coupled with the generation of ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Carbohydrate that is stored short-term in the liver and muscle tissue
Glycogen
Hydrolyzed form of Glycogen when blood sugar levels are below normal
Glucose
Both catabolic and anabolic
Amphibolic
