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Psych 101 > Chapters 6-10 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

A

Reflexes

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2
Q

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

A

Learning

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3
Q

Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur closely together

A

Associative learning

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4
Q

Organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together (unconscious process)

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Organisms learn to associate events - a behavior and it’s consequence (conscious process)

A

Operant conditioning

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6
Q

The process of watching others and imitating what they do

A

Observational learning

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7
Q

What is Pavlov best known for

A

His experiments in classical conditioning

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8
Q

What experiment did Pavlov do

A

He put tubes in dogs cheeks to measure how much the salivate and then trained them to salivate at the sound of a bell

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9
Q

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

A natural reaction to a given stimulus

A

Unconditioned response

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11
Q

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

A

Higher order conditioning

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12
Q

In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as __________, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

A

Acquisition

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13
Q

The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

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14
Q

The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

A

Spontaneous recovery

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15
Q

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

A

Stimulus discrimination

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16
Q

When we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change (like constantly leaving the tv on and eventually not noticing)

A

Habituation

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17
Q

What did Watson do to little Albert

A

He conditioned a fear response by making a loud noise every time he saw a rat and eventually he became afraid of rats and other white fluffy things

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18
Q

Who believed that behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior

A

BF Skinner

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19
Q

What law says behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant are less likely to be repeated

A

The law of effect

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20
Q

Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

A

Positive reinforcement

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21
Q

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

A

Negative reinforcement

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22
Q

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

A

Positive punishment

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23
Q

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

A

Negative punishment

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24
Q

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

A

Shaping

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25
Q

Reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities (these are not learned)

A

Primary reinforcers

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26
Q

Have no inherent value and only have reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

A

Secondary reinforcers

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27
Q

When an organism receives a reinforcers each time it displays a behavior

A

Continuous reinforcement

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28
Q

The person or animal does not get reinforced everytime they perform the desired behavior

A

Partial reinforcement

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29
Q

When behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

A

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

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30
Q

The person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable

A

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

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31
Q

There are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded

A

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

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32
Q

The number is responses needed for a reward varies

A

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

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33
Q

Which reinforcement schedule is the most productive and most resistant to excitation

A

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

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34
Q

Who’s experiments with rats determined that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement (rats in maze)

A

Edward Tolman

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35
Q

A mental picture of the maze

A

Cognitive map

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36
Q

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

A

Latent learning

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37
Q

What are the three types of models

A

Live, verbal and symbolic

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38
Q

What are the specific steps in the modeling process

A

Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation

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39
Q

Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the models behavior

A

Vicarious reinforcement

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40
Q

Process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the models behavior

A

Vicarious punishment

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41
Q

The set of processes used to encode, store and retrieve information over different periods of time

A

Memory

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42
Q

The input of information into the memory system

A

Encoding

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43
Q

The encoding of details like time, space, frequency and the meaning of words

A

Automatic processing (usually done without any conscious awareness)

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44
Q

What are the three types of encoding

A

Semantic
Visual
Acoustic

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45
Q

The tendency for an individual to have a better memory for info that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal reference

A

Self reference effect

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46
Q

The creation of a permanent record of information

A

Storage

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47
Q

In order for a memory to go into storage (long term memory) it has to pass through three distinct stages

A

Sensory memory
Short term Memory
Long term memory

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48
Q

Who proposed the three stages of how memory is moved into storage

A

Atkinson-Shiffrin

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49
Q

Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds and tastes

A

Sensory memory

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50
Q

What does stroop effect say

A

You can name a color easier if it is written in that color

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51
Q

How long does short term memory last

A

20 seconds

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52
Q

How many items can most people retain in short term memory

A

7

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53
Q

The conscious repetition of information to be remembered

A

Rehearsal

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54
Q

Active rehearsal to move information from short term into long term memory

A

Memory consolidation

55
Q

What are the two types of long term memory

A

Explicit

Implicit

56
Q

These memories are purposeful

A

Explicit

57
Q

These memories are not part of our consciousness, they’re formed from behaviors

A

Implicit memories

58
Q

A type of implicit memory; it stores information about how to do things like brush your teeth

A

Procedural memory

59
Q

This has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced

A

Declarative (explicit) memory

60
Q

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness

A

Retrieval

61
Q

There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long term memory

A

Recall
Recognition
Relearning

62
Q

The group of neurons that serve as the physical representation of memory

A

Engram

63
Q

Who formulated the hypothesis that is part of one area in the brain is damaged, another part can take over that memory function

A

Karl Lashley

64
Q

The main parts of the brain involved with memory are the

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex

65
Q

The main job of the amygdala is to

A

Regulate emotions

66
Q

This plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones

A

Amygdala

67
Q

This is involved in memory, specifically normal recognition as well as spatial memory

A

Hippocampus

68
Q

Loss of this area leaves us unable to form new declarative memories

A

Hippocampus

69
Q

Creates implicit memories

A

Cerebellum and prefrontal cortex

70
Q

Strong emotions trigger strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

A

Arousal theory

71
Q

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

A

Flashbulb memory

72
Q

Amnesia where you cannot remember new information

A

Anterograde amnesia

73
Q

Amnesia where you cannot remember information prior to trauma

A

Retrograde amnesia

74
Q

Formation of new memories

A

Construction

75
Q

Process of bringing up old memories

A

Reconstruction

76
Q

After exposure to incorrect information a person may misremember the original event

A

Misinformation effect paradigm

77
Q

False memory syndrome

A

False autobiographical memories

78
Q

The effects of misinformation from external sources that lead to the creation of false memories

A

Suggestibility

79
Q

Accessibility of memory decreases over time

A

Transience

80
Q

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention

A

Absentmindedness

81
Q

Accessibility of info is temporarily blocked

A

Blocking

82
Q

Source of memory is confused

A

Misattribution

83
Q

False memories

A

Suggestibility

84
Q

Memories distorted by current belief system

A

Bias

85
Q

Inability to forget undesirable memories

A

Persistence

86
Q

Who created the forgetting curve

A

Ebbinghaus

87
Q

The average person will lose ______% is what they learned after 20 minutes and ____ after 24 hours

A

50% and 70%

88
Q

When old information hinders the recall of newly learned info (new year)

A

Proactive interference

89
Q

When information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

A

Retroactive interference

90
Q

A technique in which you think about the meaning of the new info and it’s relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

A

Elaborative rehearsal

91
Q

Involves emotions, personality and social relationships

A

Psychosocial development

92
Q

Study of development using norms or average ages when children reach specific developmental milestones

A

Normative approach

93
Q

Approximate ages at which children reach normative events

A

Development milestones

94
Q

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops during ______

A

Early childhood

95
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital

96
Q

Erik Erickson thought personality development took place ________

A

Through all of life

97
Q

What are the 8 psychosocial steps

A 
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority 
Identity vs confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair
98
Q

Trust or mistrust that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection will be met

A

Stage 1 (0-1)

99
Q

Develop a sense of interdependence in many tasks

A

Stage 2 (1-3) autonomy vs shame/doubt

100
Q

Take an initiative on some activities- May develop guilt when unsuccessful

A

Stage 3 (3-6)

101
Q

Develop self confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

A

Stage 4 (7-11)

102
Q

Experiment with and develop identity and roles

A

Stage 5 (12-18)

103
Q

Establish intimacy and relationships with others

A

Stage 6 (19-29)

104
Q

Contribute to society and be a part of a family

A

Stage 7 (30-64) generativity vs stagnation

105
Q

Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

A

Stage 8 (65+) integrity vs despair

106
Q

This psychologist believed thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are naturally inquisitive

A

Jean Piaget

107
Q

Concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information

A

Schemata

108
Q

Adding information similar to what is already known

A

Assimilation

109
Q

Changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

A

Accommodation

110
Q

Piaget’s theory of development stages

A

Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operation

111
Q

World experienced through senses and actions; develops object permeance

A

Sensorimotor

112
Q

Use words/images to represent things but lack logical reasoning; pretend plays, development, language

A

Pre-operational

113
Q

Understand concrete events and analogies logically; conservation

A

Concrete operational

114
Q

Formal operations; utilize abstract reasoning; abstract logic

A

Formal operational

115
Q

Pre-operational child’s difficulty in taking in the perspective of others

A

Egocentrism

116
Q

The post formal stage is the stage where

A

Decisions are made based on situations and circumstances and logic is interchangeable with emotion

117
Q

Lawrence Kohlbergs theory of moral development

A

Pre-conventional morality
Conceptual morality
Post-conventional morality

118
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development

A

Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal

119
Q

Any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

A

Teratogen

120
Q

What does fetal alcohol syndrome do

A

Causes children to have a small head with abnormal facial features, poor judgement and learning issues

121
Q

What is theory of mind

A

When children begin to understand that people have thoughts, feelings and beliefs different from their own

122
Q

John Bowlby developed the concept of attachment theory. What is it?

A

An infant must form a bond with a primary caregiver in order to have normal social and emotional development

123
Q

What are the four parenting styles Baumrind developed

A

Authoritative
Authoritarian
Uninvolved
Permissive

124
Q

The parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection and listens to the child’s point of view

A

Authoritative

125
Q

Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves and reacts with the environment

A

Temperament

126
Q

Socioemontional selectivity theory

A

Social support/friendships dwindle in number but remain close, if not more close than in earlier years

127
Q

Who proposed the stages of grief

A

Elizabeth Kubler Ross

128
Q

Who is referred to as the father of psychology in the US

A

William James

129
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

A simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower

130
Q

An individuals belief in her own capability to complete a task that

A

Self efficacy

131
Q

Satiety hormone

A

Leptin

132
Q

What is the set point theory

A

Each individual has an ideal body weight or set point which is resistant to change

133
Q

A BMI between ___ and _____ is considered overweight

A

25 and 29.9

134
Q

A genetic disorder in which people feel persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced metabolism

A

Prader-Willi syndrome

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