Chapters 6-10 Flashcards
1
Q
Motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment
A
Reflexes
2
Q
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
A
Learning
3
Q
Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur closely together
A
Associative learning
4
Q
Organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together (unconscious process)
A
Classical conditioning
5
Q
Organisms learn to associate events - a behavior and it’s consequence (conscious process)
A
Operant conditioning
6
Q
The process of watching others and imitating what they do
A
Observational learning
7
Q
What is Pavlov best known for
A
His experiments in classical conditioning
8
Q
What experiment did Pavlov do
A
He put tubes in dogs cheeks to measure how much the salivate and then trained them to salivate at the sound of a bell
9
Q
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
A
Unconditioned stimulus
10
Q
A natural reaction to a given stimulus
A
Unconditioned response
11
Q
Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
A
Higher order conditioning
12
Q
In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as __________, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
A
Acquisition
13
Q
The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
A
Extinction
14
Q
The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
A
Spontaneous recovery
15
Q
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
A
Stimulus discrimination
16
Q
When we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change (like constantly leaving the tv on and eventually not noticing)
A
Habituation
17
Q
What did Watson do to little Albert
A
He conditioned a fear response by making a loud noise every time he saw a rat and eventually he became afraid of rats and other white fluffy things
18
Q
Who believed that behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior
A
BF Skinner
19
Q
What law says behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant are less likely to be repeated
A
The law of effect
20
Q
Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior
A
Positive reinforcement
21
Q
Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
A
Negative reinforcement
22
Q
Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
A
Positive punishment
23
Q
Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
A
Negative punishment
24
Q
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
A
Shaping
25
Reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities (these are not learned)
Primary reinforcers
26
Have no inherent value and only have reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcers
27
When an organism receives a reinforcers each time it displays a behavior
Continuous reinforcement
28
The person or animal does not get reinforced everytime they perform the desired behavior
Partial reinforcement
29
When behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule
30
The person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
31
There are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
32
The number is responses needed for a reward varies
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
33
Which reinforcement schedule is the most productive and most resistant to excitation
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
34
Who’s experiments with rats determined that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement (rats in maze)
Edward Tolman
35
A mental picture of the maze
Cognitive map
36
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
Latent learning
37
What are the three types of models
Live, verbal and symbolic
38
What are the specific steps in the modeling process
Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
39
Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the models behavior
Vicarious reinforcement
40
Process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the models behavior
Vicarious punishment
41
The set of processes used to encode, store and retrieve information over different periods of time
Memory
42
The input of information into the memory system
Encoding
43
The encoding of details like time, space, frequency and the meaning of words
Automatic processing (usually done without any conscious awareness)
44
What are the three types of encoding
Semantic
Visual
Acoustic
45
The tendency for an individual to have a better memory for info that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal reference
Self reference effect
46
The creation of a permanent record of information
Storage
47
In order for a memory to go into storage (long term memory) it has to pass through three distinct stages
Sensory memory
Short term Memory
Long term memory
48
Who proposed the three stages of how memory is moved into storage
Atkinson-Shiffrin
49
Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds and tastes
Sensory memory
50
What does stroop effect say
You can name a color easier if it is written in that color
51
How long does short term memory last
20 seconds
52
How many items can most people retain in short term memory
7
53
The conscious repetition of information to be remembered
Rehearsal
54
Active rehearsal to move information from short term into long term memory
Memory consolidation
55
What are the two types of long term memory
Explicit
| Implicit
56
These memories are purposeful
Explicit
57
These memories are not part of our consciousness, they’re formed from behaviors
Implicit memories
58
A type of implicit memory; it stores information about how to do things like brush your teeth
Procedural memory
59
This has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced
Declarative (explicit) memory
60
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Retrieval
61
There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long term memory
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
62
The group of neurons that serve as the physical representation of memory
Engram
63
Who formulated the hypothesis that is part of one area in the brain is damaged, another part can take over that memory function
Karl Lashley
64
The main parts of the brain involved with memory are the
Amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex
65
The main job of the amygdala is to
Regulate emotions
66
This plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones
Amygdala
67
This is involved in memory, specifically normal recognition as well as spatial memory
Hippocampus
68
Loss of this area leaves us unable to form new declarative memories
Hippocampus
69
Creates implicit memories
Cerebellum and prefrontal cortex
70
Strong emotions trigger strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
Arousal theory
71
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Flashbulb memory
72
Amnesia where you cannot remember new information
Anterograde amnesia
73
Amnesia where you cannot remember information prior to trauma
Retrograde amnesia
74
Formation of new memories
Construction
75
Process of bringing up old memories
Reconstruction
76
After exposure to incorrect information a person may misremember the original event
Misinformation effect paradigm
77
False memory syndrome
False autobiographical memories
78
The effects of misinformation from external sources that lead to the creation of false memories
Suggestibility
79
Accessibility of memory decreases over time
Transience
80
Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
Absentmindedness
81
Accessibility of info is temporarily blocked
Blocking
82
Source of memory is confused
Misattribution
83
False memories
Suggestibility
84
Memories distorted by current belief system
Bias
85
Inability to forget undesirable memories
Persistence
86
Who created the forgetting curve
Ebbinghaus
87
The average person will lose ______% is what they learned after 20 minutes and ____ after 24 hours
50% and 70%
88
When old information hinders the recall of newly learned info (new year)
Proactive interference
89
When information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
Retroactive interference
90
A technique in which you think about the meaning of the new info and it’s relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative rehearsal
91
Involves emotions, personality and social relationships
Psychosocial development
92
Study of development using norms or average ages when children reach specific developmental milestones
Normative approach
93
Approximate ages at which children reach normative events
Development milestones
94
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops during ______
Early childhood
95
What are the five psychosexual stages
Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
96
Erik Erickson thought personality development took place ________
Through all of life
97
What are the 8 psychosocial steps
```
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair
```
98
Trust or mistrust that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection will be met
Stage 1 (0-1)
99
Develop a sense of interdependence in many tasks
Stage 2 (1-3) autonomy vs shame/doubt
100
Take an initiative on some activities- May develop guilt when unsuccessful
Stage 3 (3-6)
101
Develop self confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not
Stage 4 (7-11)
102
Experiment with and develop identity and roles
Stage 5 (12-18)
103
Establish intimacy and relationships with others
Stage 6 (19-29)
104
Contribute to society and be a part of a family
Stage 7 (30-64) generativity vs stagnation
105
Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions
Stage 8 (65+) integrity vs despair
106
This psychologist believed thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are naturally inquisitive
Jean Piaget
107
Concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information
Schemata
108
Adding information similar to what is already known
Assimilation
109
Changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known
Accommodation
110
Piaget’s theory of development stages
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operation
111
World experienced through senses and actions; develops object permeance
Sensorimotor
112
Use words/images to represent things but lack logical reasoning; pretend plays, development, language
Pre-operational
113
Understand concrete events and analogies logically; conservation
Concrete operational
114
Formal operations; utilize abstract reasoning; abstract logic
Formal operational
115
Pre-operational child’s difficulty in taking in the perspective of others
Egocentrism
116
The post formal stage is the stage where
Decisions are made based on situations and circumstances and logic is interchangeable with emotion
117
Lawrence Kohlbergs theory of moral development
Pre-conventional morality
Conceptual morality
Post-conventional morality
118
What are the three stages of prenatal development
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
119
Any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
Teratogen
120
What does fetal alcohol syndrome do
Causes children to have a small head with abnormal facial features, poor judgement and learning issues
121
What is theory of mind
When children begin to understand that people have thoughts, feelings and beliefs different from their own
122
John Bowlby developed the concept of attachment theory. What is it?
An infant must form a bond with a primary caregiver in order to have normal social and emotional development
123
What are the four parenting styles Baumrind developed
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Uninvolved
Permissive
124
The parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection and listens to the child’s point of view
Authoritative
125
Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves and reacts with the environment
Temperament
126
Socioemontional selectivity theory
Social support/friendships dwindle in number but remain close, if not more close than in earlier years
127
Who proposed the stages of grief
Elizabeth Kubler Ross
128
Who is referred to as the father of psychology in the US
William James
129
Yerkes-Dodson law
A simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower
130
An individuals belief in her own capability to complete a task that
Self efficacy
131
Satiety hormone
Leptin
132
What is the set point theory
Each individual has an ideal body weight or set point which is resistant to change
133
A BMI between ___ and _____ is considered overweight
25 and 29.9
134
A genetic disorder in which people feel persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced metabolism
Prader-Willi syndrome
