Chapters 6-10 Flashcards
Discuss the endomembrane system.
The endomembrane system is compartments working together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules. It’s main job is synthesis of proteins and transporting things into the membrane, or out of the cell. It also helps with metabolism, movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons.
Discuss the structure and function of the cytoskeleton in cells.
It is formed by micro tubules and micro filaments. It’s function is to provide structure and shape. The micro tubules and filaments can also move organelles.
Discuss the structure and function of the extra cellular matrix in cells.
It is made up of proteins and carbohydrates. The function is cell communication within the tissue and tissue formation. It also adheres cells together, and identifies cells.
Discuss the structure and function of the cell membrane.
It is a semipermeable, double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins. The function is to regulate substance exchange and communication with other cells.
Discuss the sodium/potassium pump. Be sure to explain what an electrochemical gradient is.
The sodium potassium pump moves sodium and potassium across the membrane against the electrochemical gradient.
Define electrochemical gradient
The difference in ion concentration and electrical potential from one area to another.
Define cotransport and why it is important to the cell.
It moves substances in and out of the cell simultaneously with the transport of another substance across the same membrane. This is important because the concentration gradient with protons moves substances indirectly with ATP.
Discuss ATP and its role in cell metabolism.
ATP breaks down to ADP and is exothermic, it provides energy for the endothermic reaction. It uses energy coupling to make exergonic processes drive endergonic ones.
Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
Compare: they both inhibit the enzyme from doing its job
Contrast: competitive inhibitors compete with substrates to attach to the active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors just attach to a different area and change the shape.
Summarize glycolysis (of cellular respiration)
- Glucose converted to 2 pyruvate
- 2 NADH & 4 ATP
- Activation energy: ATP
- Substrate level phosphorylation “chemical reaction”
Summarize the Krebs cycle (of cellular respiration)
- Pyruvate add CoA
- Goes into the mitochondria
- Lise’s first CO2
- 2 ATP (made in sub level phosphate)
- NADH & FADH2
- Produce 2 CO2 for each pyruvate
Summarize the electron transport chain (of cellular respiration)
- The e- make a proton gradient
- ATP synthase spins as protons diffuse through converts ADP->ATP
- O2 is the final e- acceptor
- Regenerate NADH -> NAD+ FADH2-> FADH
What chemical reaction is ATP synthase a part of?
The e- transport chain
Photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Compare and contrast cyclic and no cyclic e- flow.
Compare: both make ATP and use photo system I
Contrast: no cyclic uses both photo systems and makes ATP as well as NADPH. Cyclic only uses photo system I and only makes ATP
Compare and contrast C3, C4, and CAM plants.
Compare: all produce sugar and use photosynthesis
Contrast: C3 plants have 3 phosphoglycerates, use standard photosynthesis, and are meant for hot and dry climates
C4 plants are also for hot and dry climates and they concentrate CO2 to try to save H2O
CAM plants also concentrate CO2 to try to save H2O, and they close their stomata during the day
Discuss how photosynthesis & cellular respiration are dependent upon one another.
Photosynthesis uses H2O and CO2, and makes glucose. Respiration uses this glucose and produces H2O and CO2 for photosynthesis to use.
Why are cells small?
Because if the volume is greater than the surface area the membrane is stretched out and can’t function properly. The cell would not be able to make enough mRNA if the cell was big, and the force against the membrane would be to great.
Cell wall function
Protection and support
Plasma membrane function
Outer layer, regulates what goes in and out of the cell
Nucleus function
Control center, directs protein synthesis
Nucleolus function
Assembles ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum function
Forms compartments and vesicles, synthesis modification of proteins and lipids
Rough ER
It moves around the cell and modifies things
Smooth ER
Detoxifies things and breaks down chemicals
Golgi apparatus
Packages proteins for export, forms secretory vesicles
Vesicle
Stores and transports substances
Lysosomes
Digest macromolecules and cells debris
Peroxisome
Breaks down fatty acids
Central vacuole
Storage compartment for water sugars, ions, and pigments
Mitochondria
Carries out cellular respiration and produces ATP
Describe the role of NAD and FAD for cellular respiration.
NAD and FAD are both e- carriers. The e- transport chain releases a lot of chemical energy of NAD and FAD. This is important because that release of energy is converted to ATP.
Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Compare: both transform energy and use e- transport chains
Contrast: photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts and its energy source is light (endothermic) cellular respiration is in the mitochondria and its sources are heat and ATP (exothermic)
What are the components of the cellular membrane?
Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, lysosomes, and vacuoles
