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General Biology > Chapters 54 and 55: Ecology and Populations > Flashcards

Chapters 54 and 55: Ecology and Populations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of interactions between organisms and the environment.

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2
Q

What does the biological term “population” mean?

A

Organisms of one species occupying the same area at the same time.

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3
Q

What does the biological term “community” mean?

A

All populations of multiple species in the same region interact.

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4
Q

What does the biological term “ecosystem” mean?

A

The community plus biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) environment.

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5
Q

What does the biological term “biosphere” mean?

A

All the parts of the planet where life exists.

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6
Q

What is “population density”?

A

The number of individuals of a species per unit area of a habitat.

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7
Q

What is population density affected by?

A

Habitat destruction and hunting/predation

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8
Q

What are some density-dependent limits?

A

Competition for resources with or among species, predation, or infectious diseases

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9
Q

What are some density-independent limits?

A

Natural disasters, industrial accidents, or habitat destruction

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10
Q

What does density-dependent mean?

A

Biotic limiting factor that results from interactions with living organisms.

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11
Q

What does density-independent mean?

A

Abiotic limiting factor unrelated to population size.

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12
Q

What is a Type 1 survivorship curve?

A

Species invest energy caring for young; most individuals survive to reproduce

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13
Q

What is a Type 2 survivorship curve?

A

Species have an approximately equal probability of dying at any age.

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14
Q

What is a Type 3 survivorship curve?

A

Species invest little energy raising young, few individuals survive to reproduce.

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15
Q

Why do organisms balance reproduction against other requirements?

A

Reproduction requires extensive time and energy, decreasing an individual’s ability to find food or evade predators. Starting too early or waiting until it is too late decreases reproductive success.

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16
Q

What are opportunistic species? (falls under reproductive strategies)

A

Opportunistic species produce many offspring, but low parental care. Their strategy is to reproduce a large QUANTITY of offspring; have early reproductive age, but probability of survival is low.

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17
Q

What are equilibrium species?

A

Equilibrium species produce few offspring, but have high parental care. Their strategy is to reproduce a high QUALITY of offspring; have late reproductive age, but probability of survival is high.

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18
Q

What survivorship curve do opportunistic species fall under?

A

Survivorship curve type 3
ex: weeds, insects, or other invertebrates

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19
Q

What survivorship curve do equilibrium species fall under?

A

Survivorship curve types 1 or 2
ex: humans, large animals, or birds

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20
Q

What is a niche?

A

The total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment.

21
Q

What is a biome?

A

Ecosystems with distinctive communities of life. Each biome is characterized by distinctive group of species

22
Q

What are some abiotic factors that determine limits of species distribution?

A

Energy source, temp., moisture, nutrients

23
Q

What is a interspecific competition?

A

Occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough resource to satisfy both.

24
Q

What is interference competition?

A

Physical interactions of organisms over access to resources.

25
Q

What is exploitative competition?

A

Interact solely by consuming the same resources; behavioral
ex: organism consumes all food before another organism can

26
Q

What are the types of ecological niches (competition)?

A

Fundamental niche, realized niche, predator absence or presence, or absence of pollinators

27
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

Entire niche that a species is capable of using based on adaptation

28
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

Actual set of environmental conditions used by species resulting from its adaptation AND competition with other species

29
Q

What are symbiotic relationships?

A

Occur when two species share a close (and often lifelong) relationship in which one typically lives in or on the other.

30
Q

What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?

A

Mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism

31
Q

What is parasitism? (symbiotic relationship)

A

One party benefits, the other is harmed by it

32
Q

What is commensalism? (symbiotic relationship)

A

One party benefits, the other is not harmed

33
Q

What is mutualism? (symbiotic relationship)

A

Both parties benefit

34
Q

What does the biological term “mimicry” mean?

A

Defensive strategy by resembling distasteful species that exhibit warning coloration

35
Q

What are the two types of mimicry?

A

Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry

36
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

Mimics looks like distasteful species

37
Q

What is Mullerian mimicry?

A

Several unrelated but poisonous species come to resemble one another, protecting one another

38
Q

What is predator cooperation?

A

Hunting in groups; a behavior adaptation of predators

39
Q

What is coevolution?

A

When two closely interacting species evolve together over time

40
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance. Can manipulate the environment in ways that create new habitats for other species
ex: beavers and dams

41
Q

What is species richness?

A

The total number of species occupying a habitat

42
Q

What is species evenness?

A

Equal number of each species

43
Q

What is succession?

A

A gradual change in a community’s species composition

44
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Changes occurs in an area where no community previously existed
ex: lichen and moss developing over patches of bare rock

45
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Change occurs when a community is disturbed but not destroyed
ex: fires, hurricanes, etc.

46
Q

What is does “allosteric” mean?

A

Relates to the alteration of shape and activity of a protein (as an enzyme) that results from combination with another substance at a point other than the chemically active site

47
Q

What are “r-selected species”?

A

Generally small, fast-growing organisms that live in unstable environments and produce a large number of offspring
ex: bees or fish

48
Q

What are “k-selected species”?

A

Generally large, slow growing organisms that live in stable environments and produce few offspring that cam be given lots of care to
ex: humans or elephants

General Biology (2 decks)

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