chapters 5 and 6 (david baum)

Question 1

taxonomy

Answer 1

involves describing, naming, and classifying organisms based on their morphological, behavioral, genetic, and biochemical characteristics.

Question 2

systematics

Answer 2

the study of evolution of biological diversity

Question 3

nomenclature

Answer 3

rules regulating the names of taxa. It ensures clear and consistent communication within a specific domain.

Question 4

propinquity of descent

Answer 4

refers to the closeness of evolutionary relationship between organisms

Question 5

exclusivity

Answer 5

property of monophyletic groups where members of the group are more closely related to each other than to any organisms outside the group

Question 6

monophyletic group

Answer 6

a group of organisms that includes all the descendants of a single common ancestor

Question 7

non-monophyletic group

Answer 7

a group of organisms are more closely relatd to organisms outside the group than they are to at least some other group members

Question 8

paraphyly

Answer 8

include the most recent ancestor of all group members and some, but not all descendants of that ancestor; result from the error of delimiting taxa based on shared ancestral traits

Question 9

polyphyly

Answer 9

based on convergently evolved, non-homologous characters; result from the error of delimiting taxa based on convergently evolved traits

Question 10

biological nomenclature

Answer 10

the rules that govern the correct names of taxa

Question 11

Lepidoptera

Answer 11

order of insects that includes butterflies, moths, and skippers

Question 12

binomial system

Answer 12

assigns each organism a two-part name, consisting of a genus name and the species name, both of which are latinized words

Question 13

codes of nomenclature

Answer 13

These codes ensure that each organism has a unique and universally accepted scientific name, which is crucial for clear communication among scientists worldwide.

Question 14

priority at rank

Answer 14

states that the correct name for a taxon (defined by reference to particular specimens called types) is the earliest name published at whichever rank it is to be recognized; means that you cannot determine the correct name of a taxon unless you know its rank

Question 15

genealogical discordance

Answer 15

refers to the phenomenon where different genes within the same group of organisms have different evolutionary histories.

Question 16

gene tree (gene genealogy)

Answer 16

diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a single gene, tracing its lineage across different species

Question 17

coalescence

Answer 17

refers to the process by which alleles sampled from a population trace back to a common ancestor

Question 18

lineage sorting

Answer 18

the loss of gene lineages over time; a phenomenon in evolutionary biology that occurs when ancestral gene copies fail to coalesce before speciation events

Question 19

discordant gene trees

Answer 19

typically refers to gene trees that do not match the species tree or other gene trees.

Question 20

lateral gene transfer

Answer 20

also called horizontal gene transfer, refers to the movement of genetic material between organisms other than through the typical vertical transmission from parent to offspring during reproduction

Question 21

introgression

Answer 21

the transfer of genetic information when organisms from distinct population lineages come into contact and reproduce asexually, producing hybrid offspring that can then breed with members of the one or the other parental population

Question 22

lineage fusion

Answer 22

an extreme case of introgression. It entails the complete merging of two formerly distinct population lineages into a single descendant lineage.

Question 23

trait-based species concept

Answer 23

focuses on the measurable characteristics, or traits, of organisms to classify them into species. These traits can be morphological (physical structure), physiological (internal functions), behavioral, molecular, ecological, or geographical.

Question 24

Phenetic species concept

Answer 24

focuses on physical or phenotypical similarities. It defines a species as a group of organisms that share a high degree of overall similarity in their physical characteristics, regardless of their evolutionary history.

Question 25

biological species concept (BSC)

Answer 25

defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, but have reproductive features that prevent them from interbreeding with members of other biological species. This means that members of the same species can mate with each other and produce viable offspring that are themselves capable of reproduction.

Question 26

phylogenetic species

Answer 26

defines a species as a group of organisms that share a unique evolutionary lineage and a common ancestor. It views species as products of evolution rather than active players in evolution.

Question 27

Cosegregation

Answer 27

refers to the tendency of two or more genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Since they are physically linked, they are more likely to be passed down to offspring as a unit rather than being separated during meiosis (cell division that produces sperm and egg cells).

Question 28

recombination

Answer 28

refers to the swapping of genetic material between chromosomes resulting to an offspring with unique combination of traits