Chapters 5-8

Question 1

Group

Answer 1

A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other.

Question 2

Crowd

Answer 2

A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact.

Question 3

Groupthink

Answer 3

In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a high demand for unanimous agreement.

Question 4

Bureaucracies (+ components)

Answer 4

Secondary groups designed to perform tasks efficiently. (specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, formal written communication)

Question 5

Types of groups

Answer 5

Primary, secondary, dyads, triads, in-groups, out-groups, reference group.

Question 6

Primary groups

Answer 6

Involve more face to face interaction, greater cooperation, and deeper feelings of belonging. In these groups, we are closely associated with other members such as family and friends.

Question 7

Secondary groups

Answer 7

Larger and less intimate than primary; relationships organized around a specific goal.

Question 8

Dyads

Answer 8

Smallest possible group, only two members.

Question 9

Triads

Answer 9

Slightly more stable small group with three people, third member can referee conflicts that arise between the other two.

Question 10

In-groups

Answer 10

Groups that members identify with and feel loyalty toward.

Question 11

Out-groups

Answer 11

Any group that an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward.

Question 12

Reference groups

Answer 12

Group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves.

Question 13

Group dynamics

Answer 13

The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals.

Question 14

Group cohesion

Answer 14

The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong.

Question 15

Social influence

Answer 15

Exerting group control over others’ decisions.

Question 16

Conformity

Answer 16

Compliance with standards, rules, or laws.

Question 17

Consequential stranger

Answer 17

Personal connections other than family and close friends.

Question 18

Deviance

Answer 18

A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.

Question 19

Primary deviance

Answer 19

In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant.

Question 20

Positive deviance

Answer 20

Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic.

Question 21

Prejudice

Answer 21

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it.

Question 22

Miscegenation

Answer 22

Romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races.

Question 23

Minority group

Answer 23

Social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society’s dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups. [characteristics: 1.) Differential power 2.)Identifiability 3.) Ascribed status 4.) Solidarity and group awareness 5.) Marriage within the group

Question 24

Majority group

Answer 24

Generally privileged.

Question 25

Racism

Answer 25

Belief that one race is superior and all others are innately inferior.

Question 26

Secondary deviance

Answer 26

In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant.

Question 27

Stigma

Answer 27

Coined by Erving Goffman, physical or social attribute that devalues a person or a group’s identity, types:
(physical or mental, moral, tribal).

Question 28

Labeling theory

Answer 28

Becker, Deviance is determined by the social context.

Question 29

Theoretical approaches to deviance

Answer 29

functional, conflict, interactionist

Question 30

Functional

Answer 30

Durkheim, reminds us of our shared notions of wrong and right and promotes social cohesion.

Question 31

Conflict

Answer 31

Both society’s rules and the punishments for breaking those rules are applied unequally,

Question 32

Interactionist

Answer 32

Deviance is a learned behavior, people learn it from the different groups with which they associate.

Question 33

Discrimination

Answer 33

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group, usually motivated by prejudice.

Question 34

Institutional discrimination

Answer 34

Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it.

Question 35

Race

Answer 35

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

Question 36

Ethnicity

Answer 36

A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor.

Question 37

Status inconsistency

Answer 37

A situation in which an individual has differing levels of status in terms of wealth, power, prestige, or other elements of socioeconomic status.

Question 38

Intersectionality

Answer 38

A concept that identifies how different categories of inequality (race, class, gender, etc.) intersect to shape the lives of individuals and groups.

Question 39

Social stratification

Answer 39

The division of society into groups arranged in social hierarchy.

Question 40

Class (Karl Marx)

Answer 40

Class is the foundation of society, concern for growing inequality between bourgeoisie and proletariat, system unfair.

Question 41

Class (Max Weber)

Answer 41

Consists of three components:
Economic (class position)
Social (prestige) (what others think of what you have, how one lives)
Power (ability to do what one wants; influence)

Question 42

Systems of stratification

Answer 42

Slavery, caste system, social class system

Question 43

Slavery system

Answer 43

Most extreme, people as commodities, lowest ranking. Prohibited but still exists (Human trafficking).

Question 44

Caste system

Answer 44

Found in various parts of the world, ascribed status (race, ethnicity)

Question 45

Social class system

Answer 45

Practiced in capitalist societies, rankings are determined by; wealth, property, power, prestige, socioeconomic status.

Question 46

Social mobility

Answer 46

The movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes.
upward mobility.
downward (vertical) mobility

Question 47

Poverty

Answer 47

Can be defined in either relative or absolute terms.
relative deprivation- a comparative approach
absolute deprivation- unable to meet minimum standards

Question 48

Poverty line

Answer 48

Molly Orshansky (1964), minimum required to not be poor.

Question 49

Oscar Lewis 1959

Answer 49

Argues that many poor people develop a way of life that keeps them poor in adapting to their deprived condition.

Question 50

“On being sane in sane places” David Rosenhan

Answer 50

Power of labeling and social context. Power is in the label, so it doesn’t have to be true.

Question 51

Strain

Answer 51

Society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals though they lack the means.