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Business Ethics > Chapters 5-8 > Flashcards

Chapters 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

integrity

A

one of the most important elements of virtue
refers to being whole, sounds, and in an unimpaired condition; implies a balanced organization

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2
Q

honesty

A

refers to truthfulness or trustworthiness

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3
Q

dishonesty

A

a lack or absence of integrity, incomplete disclosure, and an unwillingness to tell the truth

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4
Q

fairness

A

the quality of being just, equitable, and impartial

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5
Q

equality

A

refers to the fair and even distribution of benefits and resources

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6
Q

reciprocity

A

an interchange of giving and receiving in social relationships

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7
Q

optimization

A

the trade-off between equity (equality) and efficiency (maximum productivity)

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8
Q

three fundamental elements

A

equality
reciprocity
optimization

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9
Q

ethical ISSUE

A

a problem that requires you to choose among several actions that must be evaluated as right or wrong

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10
Q

ethical DILEMMA

A

a problems that requires you to choose among several actions that have negative outcomes
(no right choice, only less unethical)

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11
Q

commission lying

A

creating a perception or belief by words that intentionally deceives the receiver of the message

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12
Q

conflict of interest

A

when an individual must choose whether to advance their interests, those of the org, or those of another group

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13
Q

active bribery

A

when the person who promises or gives the bribe commits the offense

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14
Q

passive bribery

A

offense committed by the official who receives the bribe

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15
Q

facilitation payments

A

payments made to obtain or retain business or other improper advantages that do no constitute bribery payments for US companies in some situations

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16
Q

corporate intelligence

A

the collection and analysis of information on markets, technologies, customers, and competitors

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17
Q

equal employments opportunity commission (EEOC)

A

federal agency that protects against workplace discrimination

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18
Q

age discrimination in employment act

A

outlaws hiring practices that discriminate against people over 40 years old

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19
Q

affirmative action programs

A

involve efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote qualified individuals from groups that have traditionally been discriminated against

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20
Q

sexual harassment

A

any repeated, unwanted behavior of a sexual nature perpetrated upon one individual by another

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21
Q

dual relationship

A

a personal, loving, or sexual relationship with someone with whom you share professional responsibilities

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22
Q

accounting fraud

A

inaccurate information in a corporation’s financial reports

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23
Q

marketing fraud

A

dishonestly creating, distributing, promoting, and pricing products

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24
Q

puffery

A

exaggerated advertising and boasting upon which no reasonable buyer would rely

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25
implied falsity
a message that has a tendency to mislead, confuse, or deceive the public
26
consumer fraud
when consumers attempt to deceive businesses for their own gain
27
insider trading
the buying or selling of stocks by insiders who possess information that is not yet public
28
crisis management
the process of handling a high-impact event characterized by ambiguity and the need for swift action to access and respond to potential damage
29
ethical awareness
the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension
30
ethical issue intensity
the relevance or importance of an event or decision in the eyes of the individual
31
moral intensity
individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others
32
locus of control
individual differences in relation to a generalized belief about how one is affected by internal versus external events or reinforcements external - life events are due to uncontrollable forces internal - masters if their own destinies
33
ethical culture
acceptable behavior, defined by the company and industry
34
corporate culture
a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including solving problems that employees of the organization share how managers decide to manager other employees
35
opportunity
the conditions in an organization that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior
36
immediate job context
where individuals work, whom they work with, and the nature of the work
37
normative apporaches
how organizational decision makers should approach an issue
38
instrumental concern
focuses on positive outcomes, including firm profitability and benefits to society
39
institutional theory
theory that organizations operate according to taken-for-granted institutional norms and rules
40
veil of ignorance
a thought experiment that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be
41
equality principle
states that each person has basic rights that are compatible to the basic liberties of others
42
difference principle
states that economic and social equities or inequalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society
43
moral philosophy
the specific principles or values people use to decide what is right or wrong
44
economic freedom
a concept based on self-ownership, the right to choose, voluntary exchange, open markets, and clearly defined and enforced property rights
45
economic value orientation
associated with values by monetary means according to this theory, if an act produces more economic value for its effort, then it should be accepted as ethical
46
idealism
a moral philosophy that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind
47
realism
the view that an external world exists independent of our perceptions
48
monists
believe only one thing is intrinsically good
49
quantitative hedonists
those who believe more pleasure is better
50
hedonism
the idea that pleasure os the ultimate good, or the best moral end involves the greatest balance of pleasure over pain
51
qualitative hedonists
those who believe it is possible to get too much of a good thing
52
pluralists
often referred to as non-hedonists take the opposite position that no one thing is intrinsically good
53
instrumentalists
reject the ideas that (1) ends can be separated from the means the produce them and (2) ends, purposes, or outcomes are intrinsically good
54
goodness theories
focus on the end result of actions and the goodness or happiness created by them
55
obligation theories
emphasize the means and motives by which actions are justified
56
egoism
defines right or acceptable behavior in terms of its consequences for the individual
57
consequentialism
teleological philosophies that assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences
58
teleology
refers to moral philosophies in which an act is considered morally right or acceptable of it produces some desired result
59
utilitarianism
seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people
60
rule utilitarians
argue that general rules should be followed to decide which action is best
61
act utilitarians
the rightness of each individual action mist be evaluated to determine whether it produces the greatest utility for the greatest number of people
62
deontology
refers to moral philosophies that focus on the rights of individuals and the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than its consequences
63
rule deontologists
conformity to general moral principles based on logic determines ethicalness
64
act deontologists
hold that actions are the proper basis to judge morality or ethicalness
65
relativist perspective
definitions of ethical behavior are derived subjectively from the experiences of individuals and groups acknowledges that people have many different views
66
descriptive relativism
relates to observations of other cultures
67
meta-ethical relativism
proposes that people naturally see situations from their own perspectives
68
normative relativism
the assumption that one person's opinion is as good as another's
69
virtue ethics
argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards by also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation
70
justice
fair treatment and due reward in accordance with ethical or legal standards
71
distributive justice
based on the evaluation of the outcomes or results of a business relationship
72
procedural justice
considered the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome
73
interactional justice
based on the relationships between organizational members, including the way employees and management teat one another
74
white-collar crime
crimes committed by nonviolent criminals
75
SOX 404
requires firms to adopt a set of values that forms a portion of the company's culture
76
cultural audit
assessment of an organization's values
77
apathetic culture
minimal concern for either people or performance
78
caring culture
high concern for people but minimal concern for performance issues
79
exacting culture
little concern for people but a high concern for performance
80
integrative culture
high concern for people and performance
81
the 4 organizational culture classifications
apathetic caring exacting integrative
82
compliance culture
a legalistic approach to ethics
83
values-based ethics culture
relies on an explicit mission statement that defines the core values of the firm and how customers and employees should be treated
84
differential association
the idea that people learn ethical and unethical behavior while interacting with others who are part of their role-sets or belong to other intimate personal groups
85
whistle-blowing
exposing an employer's wrongdoing to outsiders such as the media or gov't regulatory agencies
86
Qui tam relator
an employee who provides information to the gov't about a company's wrongdoing under the Federal False Claims Act
87
centralized organization
decision-making authority is concentrated in the hands of top-level managers, and little authority is delegated to lower levels
88
decentralized organization
decision-making authority is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible
89
formal group
an assembly of individuals with an organized structure that is explicitly accepted by the group
90
informal group
two or more individuals with a common interest but without an explicit organizational structure
91
group norms
standards of behavior groups expect of their members (helps define acceptable and unacceptable behavior)

Business Ethics (2 decks)

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