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Business Ethics > Chapters 5-8 > Flashcards

Chapters 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

integrity

A

one of the most important elements of virtue
refers to being whole, sounds, and in an unimpaired condition; implies a balanced organization

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2
Q

honesty

A

refers to truthfulness or trustworthiness

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3
Q

dishonesty

A

a lack or absence of integrity, incomplete disclosure, and an unwillingness to tell the truth

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4
Q

fairness

A

the quality of being just, equitable, and impartial

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5
Q

equality

A

refers to the fair and even distribution of benefits and resources

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6
Q

reciprocity

A

an interchange of giving and receiving in social relationships

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7
Q

optimization

A

the trade-off between equity (equality) and efficiency (maximum productivity)

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8
Q

three fundamental elements

A

equality
reciprocity
optimization

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9
Q

ethical ISSUE

A

a problem that requires you to choose among several actions that must be evaluated as right or wrong

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10
Q

ethical DILEMMA

A

a problems that requires you to choose among several actions that have negative outcomes
(no right choice, only less unethical)

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11
Q

commission lying

A

creating a perception or belief by words that intentionally deceives the receiver of the message

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12
Q

conflict of interest

A

when an individual must choose whether to advance their interests, those of the org, or those of another group

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13
Q

active bribery

A

when the person who promises or gives the bribe commits the offense

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14
Q

passive bribery

A

offense committed by the official who receives the bribe

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15
Q

facilitation payments

A

payments made to obtain or retain business or other improper advantages that do no constitute bribery payments for US companies in some situations

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16
Q

corporate intelligence

A

the collection and analysis of information on markets, technologies, customers, and competitors

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17
Q

equal employments opportunity commission (EEOC)

A

federal agency that protects against workplace discrimination

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18
Q

age discrimination in employment act

A

outlaws hiring practices that discriminate against people over 40 years old

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19
Q

affirmative action programs

A

involve efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote qualified individuals from groups that have traditionally been discriminated against

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20
Q

sexual harassment

A

any repeated, unwanted behavior of a sexual nature perpetrated upon one individual by another

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21
Q

dual relationship

A

a personal, loving, or sexual relationship with someone with whom you share professional responsibilities

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22
Q

accounting fraud

A

inaccurate information in a corporation’s financial reports

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23
Q

marketing fraud

A

dishonestly creating, distributing, promoting, and pricing products

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24
Q

puffery

A

exaggerated advertising and boasting upon which no reasonable buyer would rely

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25
Q

implied falsity

A

a message that has a tendency to mislead, confuse, or deceive the public

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26
Q

consumer fraud

A

when consumers attempt to deceive businesses for their own gain

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27
Q

insider trading

A

the buying or selling of stocks by insiders who possess information that is not yet public

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28
Q

crisis management

A

the process of handling a high-impact event characterized by ambiguity and the need for swift action to access and respond to potential damage

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29
Q

ethical awareness

A

the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension

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30
Q

ethical issue intensity

A

the relevance or importance of an event or decision in the eyes of the individual

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31
Q

moral intensity

A

individuals’ perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others

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32
Q

locus of control

A

individual differences in relation to a generalized belief about how one is affected by internal versus external events or reinforcements
external - life events are due to uncontrollable forces
internal - masters if their own destinies

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33
Q

ethical culture

A

acceptable behavior, defined by the company and industry

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34
Q

corporate culture

A

a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including solving problems that employees of the organization share
how managers decide to manager other employees

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35
Q

opportunity

A

the conditions in an organization that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior

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36
Q

immediate job context

A

where individuals work, whom they work with, and the nature of the work

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37
Q

normative apporaches

A

how organizational decision makers should approach an issue

38
Q

instrumental concern

A

focuses on positive outcomes, including firm profitability and benefits to society

39
Q

institutional theory

A

theory that organizations operate according to taken-for-granted institutional norms and rules

40
Q

veil of ignorance

A

a thought experiment that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be

41
Q

equality principle

A

states that each person has basic rights that are compatible to the basic liberties of others

42
Q

difference principle

A

states that economic and social equities or inequalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society

43
Q

moral philosophy

A

the specific principles or values people use to decide what is right or wrong

44
Q

economic freedom

A

a concept based on self-ownership, the right to choose, voluntary exchange, open markets, and clearly defined and enforced property rights

45
Q

economic value orientation

A

associated with values by monetary means
according to this theory, if an act produces more economic value for its effort, then it should be accepted as ethical

46
Q

idealism

A

a moral philosophy that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind

47
Q

realism

A

the view that an external world exists independent of our perceptions

48
Q

monists

A

believe only one thing is intrinsically good

49
Q

quantitative hedonists

A

those who believe more pleasure is better

50
Q

hedonism

A

the idea that pleasure os the ultimate good, or the best moral end involves the greatest balance of pleasure over pain

51
Q

qualitative hedonists

A

those who believe it is possible to get too much of a good thing

52
Q

pluralists

A

often referred to as non-hedonists
take the opposite position that no one thing is intrinsically good

53
Q

instrumentalists

A

reject the ideas that (1) ends can be separated from the means the produce them and (2) ends, purposes, or outcomes are intrinsically good

54
Q

goodness theories

A

focus on the end result of actions and the goodness or happiness created by them

55
Q

obligation theories

A

emphasize the means and motives by which actions are justified

56
Q

egoism

A

defines right or acceptable behavior in terms of its consequences for the individual

57
Q

consequentialism

A

teleological philosophies that assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences

58
Q

teleology

A

refers to moral philosophies in which an act is considered morally right or acceptable of it produces some desired result

59
Q

utilitarianism

A

seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people

60
Q

rule utilitarians

A

argue that general rules should be followed to decide which action is best

61
Q

act utilitarians

A

the rightness of each individual action mist be evaluated to determine whether it produces the greatest utility for the greatest number of people

62
Q

deontology

A

refers to moral philosophies that focus on the rights of individuals and the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than its consequences

63
Q

rule deontologists

A

conformity to general moral principles based on logic determines ethicalness

64
Q

act deontologists

A

hold that actions are the proper basis to judge morality or ethicalness

65
Q

relativist perspective

A

definitions of ethical behavior are derived subjectively from the experiences of individuals and groups
acknowledges that people have many different views

66
Q

descriptive relativism

A

relates to observations of other cultures

67
Q

meta-ethical relativism

A

proposes that people naturally see situations from their own perspectives

68
Q

normative relativism

A

the assumption that one person’s opinion is as good as another’s

69
Q

virtue ethics

A

argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards by also considering what a mature person with a “good” moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation

70
Q

justice

A

fair treatment and due reward in accordance with ethical or legal standards

71
Q

distributive justice

A

based on the evaluation of the outcomes or results of a business relationship

72
Q

procedural justice

A

considered the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome

73
Q

interactional justice

A

based on the relationships between organizational members, including the way employees and management teat one another

74
Q

white-collar crime

A

crimes committed by nonviolent criminals

75
Q

SOX 404

A

requires firms to adopt a set of values that forms a portion of the company’s culture

76
Q

cultural audit

A

assessment of an organization’s values

77
Q

apathetic culture

A

minimal concern for either people or performance

78
Q

caring culture

A

high concern for people but minimal concern for performance issues

79
Q

exacting culture

A

little concern for people but a high concern for performance

80
Q

integrative culture

A

high concern for people and performance

81
Q

the 4 organizational culture classifications

A

apathetic
caring
exacting
integrative

82
Q

compliance culture

A

a legalistic approach to ethics

83
Q

values-based ethics culture

A

relies on an explicit mission statement that defines the core values of the firm and how customers and employees should be treated

84
Q

differential association

A

the idea that people learn ethical and unethical behavior while interacting with others who are part of their role-sets or belong to other intimate personal groups

85
Q

whistle-blowing

A

exposing an employer’s wrongdoing to outsiders such as the media or gov’t regulatory agencies

86
Q

Qui tam relator

A

an employee who provides information to the gov’t about a company’s wrongdoing under the Federal False Claims Act

87
Q

centralized organization

A

decision-making authority is concentrated in the hands of top-level managers, and little authority is delegated to lower levels

88
Q

decentralized organization

A

decision-making authority is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible

89
Q

formal group

A

an assembly of individuals with an organized structure that is explicitly accepted by the group

90
Q

informal group

A

two or more individuals with a common interest but without an explicit organizational structure

91
Q

group norms

A

standards of behavior groups expect of their members
(helps define acceptable and unacceptable behavior)

Business Ethics (2 decks)

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