Chapters 5, 6, & 7 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Name the two types of the spinal peripheral nerves
A
Anterior Root and Posterior Root
2
Q
(Spinal Peripheral Nerves) Anterior Root are bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impulse in what direction?
A
Away/efferent
3
Q
Is Anterior root motor or sensory?
A
Motor
4
Q
Where does Anterior Roots originate?
A
Anterior (Ventral) Horn Cells
5
Q
(Spinal Peripheral Nerves) POSTERIOR ROOT are bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impulses __in what direction___?
A
To/Afferent
6
Q
Is Posterior root motor or sensory?
A
Sensory
7
Q
What do the spinal nerves of the dorsal ramus supply?
A
Branches supply the muscles and the skin of the back
8
Q
What do the 1st four cervical nerves of the ventral ramus supply?
A
The muscles and the skin of the front of the neck
9
Q
What to the last four cervical nerves and part of the ventral ramus of the 1st thoracic nerve form?
A
Forms the brachial plexus by a series of communicating branches
10
Q
Gray commissure
A
Bridge that links the wings of the butterfly
11
Q
Dorsal/Posterior Horn
A
They are sensory and they are the two wingtips in the back
12
Q
Ventral/Anterior Horn
A
They are motor and the two wingtips in the front
13
Q
Somatic motor cells
A
Axons leave via ventral roots and supply the skeletal muscles
14
Q
Autonomic motor cells
A
Axons leave via ventral roots to the autonomic ganglia
15
Q
Transmission Neurons
A
Rise to ascending projections to the brain and to the connections with other spinal cord levels
16
Q
Interneurons
A
connect with other neurons at the same spinal cord levels with sensory and reflex mechanisms
17
Q
What is a plexus
A
A group of intersecting nerves.
18
Q
Name the 7 plexus
A
Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral Celiac Coccygeal Auerbachs
19
Q
What does C1 control?
A
Controls the carotid plexus which determines blood pressure
controls blood supply to the brain
20
Q
What does C2 control?
A
eyes, ears, and sinuses
21
Q
What does c3 control?
A
Face and teeth
22
Q
What does C4 control?
A
Pharynx and Larynx
23
Q
What does c5 control
A
neck and throat
24
Q
C 3, 4, and 5 have a long branch called ___ which innervated the ___
A
Phrenic Nerve, Diaphragm
25
The cervical plexus communicates with which two nerves?
X vagus and IX Hypoglossal Cranial Nerves
26
The Brachial Plexus goes to what parts of the body? (4)
Chest, shoulders, arms, and hands
27
What does T1 control?
trachea, esophagus, esophageal sphincter
28
What lumbar plexus goes to what parts of the body? (6)
back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves
29
The Sacral Plexus goes to what parts of the body? (6)
pelvis, buttocks, genitalia, thighs, calves, and feet
30
What is the Celiac plexus in charge of?
Internal organs
31
What is the Auerbachs Plexus in charge of?
GI Tract
32
What is segmentation distrubution?
each muscle in the body is supplied by a particular level or segmnt of the Spinal Cord and its corresponding nerve
33
dermatones
Area of skin supplied by nerve fibers originally from a single dorsal root bands of innervation around the body
34
What are the 3 major division of the autonomic nervous system?
The Enteric Division
The Sympathetic Division
The Parasympathetic Division
35
The Enteric Division is formed by
the neuronal plexus of the GI Tract (Auerbach's)
36
Sympathetic Division is the body's "___"
alerting system; fight or flight
37
The Sympathetic Division is responsible for preparatory measures such as: (4)
Accelerating the heart rate,
causing constriction of the peripheral blood vessels
raising blood pressure
redistributing blood away from skin and intestines to be used in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles
38
What is the Parasympathetic Division? (3)
It is the body's calming effect
it conserves and restores energy
slows heart rate and increases peristalsis (saliva, and secretion of GI Tract)
39
Name the neurons of the Spinal Cord (4)
Somatic motor cells
Autonomic motor cells
Transmission Neurons
Interneurons
40
Definition of Proprioception
ability to determine the body's position in space
41
What is the definition of Two-point discrimination?
Ability to discriminate the shortest distance between two Tactile points on the body
42
What is Vibration?
Ability to recognize vibration from touch
43
What is Stereognosis/Form perception?
The Ability to recognize objects by touch
44
What are the two Proprioception Pathways?
Spinocerebellar tract and dorsal columns
45
(Sensory exam) what are two ways to determine light touch?
Test the ability to perceive light stroking of skin with a cotton ball
Determine ability to localize by closing eyes and asking to point where being touched
46
If the ability to perceive the cotton ball light touch exam is DECREASE what could that mean?
Hypothesia
47
If the ability to perceive the cotton ball light touch exam is COMPLETELY LOSS, what could that mean?
Anethesia
48
If the ability to perceive the cotton ball light touch exam is INCREASED, what could that mean?
hyperthesia
49
If a client has an uniablity to localize the light touch exam where they close their eyes and point to where they were touch, what could that mean?
atopognosis
50
What could the loss of Two-Point Discrimination mean?
suggests a parietal lobe lesion
51
What could it mean if the client has double stimulation when doing the two point discrimination exam?
determines lateralized loss
52
What is testing the two point discrimination important to SLP?
Sensory pathways or cortical sensory loss frequently is seen with lesions that produce cerebral language disorders
53
How can you do a sensory exam on pain? Explain the possible findings if they are INCREASE, DECREASED, or COMPLETELY LOSS.
Pinprink or deep pressure
INCREASED: Hyperalgesia
Decreased: Hypoalgesia
LOSS: analgesia
54
How can you do a sensory exam on temperature?
test the ability to identify a tube of warm water and a tube of cold water
55
What is a propioception sensory exam?
Test by closing your eyes and determine if joints of an arm, hand, or leg is in flexion or extension
56
What is Astereognosis? how can you exam this?
inability to recognize common objects by touch.
| have the client close their eyes, place an object in their hand to identify
57
What is Tactile Agnosia?
recognition disorder caused by a cortical sensory lesion rather than pathway (can't name by touching but can by sound)
58
How do you do a sensory exam for Vibratory?
Test by vibrating a tuning for to a bony prominence vs. non vibrating
59
How do you do a sensory exam on body sway?
Romberg's Test (Stand with feet together, observe for swaying)
60
What are the three great motor subsystems?
Pyramidal, extrapyramidal, cerebellar
61
What is pyramidal system?
it controls voluntary movement of muscles of speech, all are cortifugal (originate in or away from the cortex)
62
What are the 3 major tracts of pyramidal system?
Corticospinal tract
Corticobullbar tract
corticopontine tract
63
Define the FAST perception of pain
sharp, prickly sensation
Involves myelinated axons
Easily located
64
Define the SLOW perception of pain
```
Slower onset
greater persistence
burning sensation
Has a general area
Unmyelinated
```
65
Define the VISCERAL/REFERRED perception of pain
achy feeling
sometimes burning
vaguely localized
66
What is Upper Motor Neurons?
All neurons of the anterior and lateral CS Tracts
They are the first order neurons and they are long axons
They do not leave the neuraxis
67
What is a Lower Motor Neuron?
Neurons that send motor axons into peripheral nerves
| Second order neurons that start at the brainstem or ventral horn of the SC (The Great Common Pathway-Sherrington)
68
Define Paralysis
gross limitation of movement
69
Define Paresis
Incomplete paralysis (weakness)
70
Define Hemiparalyisis/Hemiplegia
Complete or nearly completely paralysis on one side
71
What is Bilateral Symmetry
Bilateral innervation for motor nuclei
is the Majority of midline speech muscles
provides a safety valve for speech in CB lesion
72
What is the MOST AFFECTED area when the cranial nuclei receives unilateral and contralateral innervations instead of bilaterally?
Lower part of face and Trapezious muscles
73
What is the INTERMEDIATELY AFFECTED area when the cranial nuclei receives unilateral and contralateral innervations instead of bilaterally?
The Tongue
74
What is the MILDLY AFFECTED area when the cranial nuclei receives unilateral and contralateral innervations instead of bilaterally?
```
diaphragm
ocular
upper face
jaw
pharynx
larynx
```
75
What is the corticobulbar innervation in the cranial nerve V TRIGEMINAL, IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, X VAGUS?
Bilateral
76
What is the corticobulbar innervation in the cranial nerve VII FACIAL and XII HYPOGLOSSAL?
Mixed Bilateral/Contralateral
77
What is the corticobulbar innervation in the cranial nerve XI SPINAL ACCESORY
Contralateral
78
Rods are associated with?
night vision; shapes
79
Cones are associated with?
day vision (color; visual acuity)
80
Define Hemianopia. What are the to types of Hemianopia?
1/2 of visual field is lost
Heteronymous
Homonymous
81
Define Heteronymous. What are the two types of heteronymous?
loss of 1/2 of the visual field on different sides.
| Bitemporal (can't see temporal side) and Binasal (can't see nasal side)
82
Define Homonymous
visual lost in both RVF or LVF
83
What are for possible results for lesions in the optic chiasm?
Injury to decussating fibers of optic nerve
left eye does not perceive images in left 1/2 of visual field
right eye does not perceive images in right 1/2 of visual field
Bilateral hemianopia
84
What are 3 possible results for lesions of the Optic Tract?
Loses communication from 1/2 of each retina
right optic tract is destoyed
which means left homonymous hemianopia
85
What is the result if there is a lesion of the entire visual area of one occipital lobe or all fibers of one optic radiation?
Produces a homonymous hemianopia of the opposite side of visual field
86
What MOTOR innervation for V Trigeminal? (7)
```
Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral and medial pterygoids
Tensor Tympani
Tensor Veli Palatini
Mylohyoid
Anterior Belly of Diagastric
```
87
What are the 3 sensory innervations of the V Trigeminal Nerve
Opthalamic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve
88
Ophthalamic nerve is in charge of: (3)
Sensation to Forehead, eyes, and nose
89
Maxillary Nerve is in charge of: (6)
```
Upper lip mucosa
maxilla
upper teeth
cheeks
palate
maxillary sinus
```
90
Mandibular nerve is in charge of:
```
anterior 2/3 tongue
mandible
lower teeth
lower lop
part of cheek
and part of external ear
```
91
How do you do Trigeminal Nerve Testing of the masseter?
palpate 2 cm above and in front of angle of mandible, bite down/relax
92
How do you do Trigeminal Nerve Testing of the Temporal?
above ear, chewing, temples can appear shrunken if atrophied
93
How do you do Trigeminal Nerve Testing of Jaw closure?
Hand on tip of mandible as jaw is held open, other hand on forehead. Ask pt to bite down.
94
How do you do Trigeminal Nerve Testing of the Lateral pterygoids?
ask pt to open jaw to resistance, watch for top of mandible lining up between upper medial incisors
95
How do you do Trigeminal Nerve Testing of lateralizing against resistance?
Have pt move jaw to one side and hold it while attempting to push it to center
96
What are the functions of VII Facial Nerve? (8)
```
Guard all facial aperatures
Wrinkle forehead
close eyes tightly
close mouth tightly
smiling
frowning
Guards middle ear by innervating the stapeduis muscle to protect from loud noises
partially responsible for taste
```
97
What are 3 ways to test facial nerve testing?
Observe facial symmetry by having the pt: wrinkle the forehead, close eyes tightly, and smile/pucker
98
Auditory Nerve Lesions in the Vestibular Nerve can consist of? (4)
Vertigo
Postural deviations
Unsteady walking and standing
Deviations of the eyes
99
VII Auditory Nerve Lesions in the Acoustic Nerve can cause
Deafness or partial deafness
100
Ways to do VII Auditory Nerve Testing for Vestibular Nerve (2) and Auditory Nerve (1)
Vestibular: rotating chair to induce nystagmus, and caloric test
Auditory: Tuning Fork
101
What is the anatomy of the IX glossopharyngeal
origin near the inferior cerebellar penduncles
| pathway through the jugular foramen
102
What is the innervation of IX glossopharyngeal?
Taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of tongue
| Upper pharyngeal constrictor muscles
103
What can result of lesions in the IX glossopharyngeal nerve? (4)
Loss of sensation and taste in the posterior 1/3 of tongue
Unilateral loss of gag reflex
Deviation of uvula to the involved side
Difficulty in the initial phase of swallowing
104
How can you test IX glossopharyngeal nerve? What could it mean if patient is hyperactive, hyporeflexic, and no reflex?
Elicit gag reflex
Hyperactive: UMN Lesion in the CB tract
Hyporeflexic: unilateral IX damage
No reflex: Bilateral IX damage
105
What is the function of the X Vagus Nerve? (4)
Visceral motor nerve
With V and XII innervates the palatal muscles
with IX innervates pharyngeal constrictors
Innervates intrinsic muscles of the larynx
106
Name five results X vagus lesions
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Paralysis of the soft palate
difficulty swallowing
Variety of voice problems (aphonia and roughness)
UMN- Spastic Dysphonia
LMN- Left branch RLN partial paralysis
```
107
5 ways to test X vagus nerve
observe the palate at rest, symmetry of arches
phonate "ah" soft palate should elevate posteriorly
elicit gag reflex
Laryngoscopy for laryngeal fx
Voicing: prolong /ah/ normal 15 secs
108
What can result in the lesions in the XI spinal accesory? (3)
Inability to turn head away from the side of lesion
General neck weakness
laryngeal dysfunction/voice problems
109
How can you test for XI spinal accessory lesions? (4)
size and symmetry of the sternocleidomastoids
Turn head to one side and hold it while trying to push to midline
thrust head forward while resisting movement against forehead
shrug shoulders while pushing down
110
What is the function for XII Hypoglossal Nerve INTRINSIC MUSCLES? (5)
control shortening, concaving, narrowing, elongating, and flattening of the tongue
111
What is the function for XII Hypoglossal Nerve EXTRINSIC MUSCLES? (3)
genioglossus: tongue protusion
hyoglossus: retraction and depression
Styloglossus: drawing tongue up and back
112
Concussion
traumatic brain injury that alters the way your brain functions. Effects are usually temporary but can include headaches, and problem with concentration, memory, balance, and coordination
113
Traumatic Brain Injury
a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the functions of the brain
114
Primary Brain Trauma Injuries (3)
Acceleration/Deceleration
Discrete Focal Lesions
Diffuse Axonal Injury
115
Secondary Brain Trauma Injuries (6)
```
Ischemia
Hypoxia
Edema
Hermorrhage
Brainshift
Raised intracranial pressure
```
116
Define Ischemia
Lack of blood getting to an area
117
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen getting to an area
118
edema
swelling of brain
119
Hemorrhage
bleeding and bruising of the brain
120
Cognitive Disorganization include (7)
```
Attention
Perception
Memory
Learning
Organization
Problem solving
Judgement
```
121
Dementia may have an impairment which of the following
Language, Memory, Visuospatial Skills, Emotion, Personality, Cognition
122
What is the diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment? (4)
Normal general cognition
Normal ADL's
No diagnosis for the dementia
Deficits in one of cognitive area
123
What are the four phases of swallowing
oral preparation phase
oral transfer phase
pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase
