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health and human development > chapters 4-7 > Flashcards

chapters 4-7 Flashcards

1
Q

why has disease improved since 1900’s

A

ince 1900’s health status has improved and death rates have declined due to the control of infectious diseases, better hygiene, and improved nutrition and sanitation, resulting in lower death rates caused by diarrhoea. There has also been improvements in the prevention, detection and treatment of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease. As well in improvements in road safety, increased vaccinations, education and incomes, and a reduction in smoking, positively impacting death rates.

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2
Q

what is public health

A

public health is the organise response by society to protect and promote health, and to prevent illness, injury or disability.

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3
Q

what is the old public health

A

the old public health was concerned with the effect of the physical environment on health and well being. It focused on measures such as providing safe water to drink, sewage facilities and better sanitation, improved nutrition, better housing conditions and safer work conditions. This led to the decrease in infection and respiratory diseases.

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4
Q

what is the biomedical approach

A

the biomedical model of health is referred to as the ‘quick fix’ approach, focusing on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It involves diagnosing and treating illnesses and conditions once symptoms are present. By focusing on the use of technology, and services provided by doctors, specialists, and hospitals, to cure and diagnose disease.

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5
Q

what is the social model of health

A

is a conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic, an environmental determinants must be addressed.

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6
Q

what is the social model of healths aim

A

the social model of health aims to move beyond the biomedical view that focuses on symptoms, disease and patients, and address the factors that lead to ill health, and health inequity within the community.

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7
Q

what are the principles of the social model of health

A
  1. addresses the broader determinants of health
  2. acts to reduce social inequity
  3. empowers individuals and communities
  4. acts to enable access to healthcare
  5. involves inter sectorial collaboration
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8
Q

explain addresses all the determinants of health

A

Addresses all the determinants of health, including biological, sociocultural, and environmental factors, rather than focusing on the actions or behaviours of individuals. By doing this society is able to share responsibilities for health and promote health.

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9
Q

explain acts to reduce social inequities

A

acts to reduce inequity in health by promoting equity fr all people including factors such as gender, culture, race, ethnicity, SES, location and physical environment that can influence health

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10
Q

explain empowers individuals and communities

A

empowering individuals and communities with health knowledge an skills means they can participate in decision making and take control over their health

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11
Q

explain acts to enable access to health care

A

Improving access to health care services and information should be readily available and based on need, affordability, appropriateness, and accessibility to all.

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12
Q

explain inter sectorial collaboration

A

Embraces the need for integrated action between government departments, the private sector, and health sector.

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13
Q

what is health promotion

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health

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14
Q

define the Ottawa charter

A

An approach to health promotion development by the world health organisation that attempts to reduce inequalities in health. It defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.

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15
Q

what are the three strategies of the Ottawa charter

A

enable
mediate
advocate

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16
Q

explain enable

A

Support people with the information, opportunities, resources and skills that they need to make choices that support good health.

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17
Q

explain mediate

A

Health promotion requires coordinated action by all levels of government, the health sector, non-government organisations, industry, and the media.

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18
Q

explain advocate

A

Health promotions aims to make the necessary political, economic, and social, cultural, environmental, behavioural, and biological factors favourable to support good heath and wellbeing.

19
Q

what are the action areas of the Ottawa charter

A
  1. build healthy public policy
  2. create supportive environments
  3. strengthen community action
  4. develop personal skills
  5. reorient health services
20
Q

explain build healthy public policy

A

relates to the decisions that are made by governments ad organisations in relation to health care policy, legislation, taxation, rules and regulations. Helps to make healthier choices easier and contributes to healthier, safer, cleaner and more enjoyable services and environments.

21
Q

explain create a supportive environments

A

involves building links between individuals and their environments through taking care of one another, communities and natural recourses.

22
Q

explain strengthen community action

A

requires communities working together to set priorities, make decisions, plan and implement strategies that will help them to achieve better health. Each community will use the recourses it has available to assist.

23
Q

explain develop personal skills

A

involves an individual gaining life skills and information though health promotion and education. Enables the individual to make choices that will enhance their health and to take control over their own health

24
Q

explain reorient health services

A

involves individuals, communities, health professionals and the government working together. Moving beyond providing biomedical services and placing strong emphasis on health promotion, targeting specific vulnerable groups.

25
Q

4 advantages of the social model of health

A
  1. promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing disease
  2. relatively inexpensive
  3. focuses on vulnerable population groups
  4. education can be passed on from generation to generation
26
Q

3 disadvantages of the social model of health

A
  1. not every condition can be prevented
  2. does not promote technology and medical knowledge
  3. health promotion messages may be ignored
27
Q

what is medicare

A

medicare is Australias universal health care insurance scheme. It gives all Australians and permanent residents access to health care that is subsidised by the government. It is funded by the government.

28
Q

what is covered under medicare (5)

A
  1. free/subsidised treatment by doctors as often as needed
  2. tests and examinations
  3. optometrists
  4. most procedures performed by gps
  5. treatment/accomodation as a public patient in a public hospital.
29
Q

3 advantages of medicare

A
  1. access essential health care as a public patient in a public hospital at little or no cost.
  2. receive GP of choice
  3. receive a range of tests at a subsidised cost
30
Q

5 disadvantages of medicare

A
  1. financial burden on the commonwealth government
  2. long waiting lists
  3. does not cover allied health
  4. often out of pocket costs
  5. no choice of doctors or time for in hospital treatment.
31
Q

what is private health insurance and how is it funded

A

private health insurance is a subscription or policy for which a person pays to provide them with different levels of cover. it is funded by medicare, private health companies, and the individual.

32
Q

private health insurance incentive schemes: Insurance rebate

A

most Australians with private insurance receive a rebate from the government to help cover the cost of their premiums. This depends on how much you earn.

33
Q

private health insurance incentive schemes: medicare levy surcharge

A

an addition surcharge of between 1 and 1.5% that has been charged for higher income earners who do not have private health hospital insurance.

34
Q

private health insurance incentive schemes: life time cover

A

anyone who doesn’t have private health insurance before 30 and then decide to take out cover later in life will pay a extra 2% loading on their premium.

35
Q

what is the national disability insurance scheme and how is it funded

A

national disability insurance scheme ensures that people with a disability and there carers receive full access to the support they need to live an ordinary life. It is funded by all levels of the government in Australia.

36
Q

advantages of private health insurance (5)

A
  1. enables private hospital care
  2. helps government address the increasing costs of medicare
  3. access a wider range of services not covered by medicare
  4. select one doctor in hospital
  5. shorter waiting times
37
Q

what is the pharmaceutical benefits scheme

A

an Australian government program that provides subsidised prescription medication to Australian residents, as well as foreign visitors covered by a reciprocal health care agreement.

38
Q

4 advantages of PBS

A
  1. access to essential medication at a subsidised rate or in some cases no cost
  2. medications can be purchased from local pharmacies
  3. available to all Australian citizens
  4. provides additional support to those with concession cards by having lower co payments
39
Q

3 disadvantages of PBS

A
  1. significant financial burden on the common wealth government
  2. generally does not cover all medications
  3. still a co payment of $38
40
Q

what is sustainability

A

the capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure. Facilities which respond to the needs of the Australian community to ensure high quality care is continued

41
Q

what is access

A

timely access to quality health care services based on their needs not ability to pay regardless of where they live

42
Q

what is equity

A

fairness and justice for everyone and everyone has the support they need. despite socioeconomic status protect the vulnerable groups in the community

43
Q

what is the purpose of the Quitline campaign

A

quit lines purpose is to encourage, support, and promote people to quit smoking for preventative health reasons as well as the economic impacts that smoking can have on both the individual and the health care costs by the Australian government

health and human development (1 decks)

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