Chapters 4-6

Question 1

Which types of tissues regenerate if they are damaged?

Answer 1

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

* muscle can regenerate at a slow pace if it has satellite cells.

Question 2

What is a tissue

Answer 2

The living fabrics of life.
Collections of singular cells that act together to perform a function (organ)

Question 3

4 types of tissues

Answer 3

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Neural tissue

Question 4

What is a Gland?

Answer 4

Structures that produce fluid secretions.
Attached to or derived from Epithelium

Question 5

Characteristics of Epithelia

Answer 5

Cellularity (cell junctions)
Polarity
Apical surface: Microvilli increase absorption or

  secretion
   Cillia move fluid    Basolateral surface  Attachment (to basement membrane/basal lamina)  Avascularity  Regeneration

Question 6

Functions of Epithelia

Answer 6

Physical protection (stratified)
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
Absorption
Filtration
Elimination

Question 7

Maintaining integrity of Epithelia

(what keeps epithelial healthy and intact)

Answer 7

Intercellular connections: support and communication

Connection to basement membrane
Epithelial maintenance and repair

Question 8

Cell Junctions: 3 Types

Answer 8

Cell Junctions: form bonds with other cells or extracellular material
Tight junctions: Between two plasma membranes
Adhesion belt attaches to terminal web
Prevents passage of water and solutes between the cells
Isolates content of lumen from basolateral surface
Gap junctions: Allow rapid communications
Held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons)
Allows ions to pass
Coordinate contractions in heart muscle

**Desmosomes** : CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) desne       areas, and intercellular cement.
  Very strong and resist twisting
  1. Spot desmosomes: Tie cells together
               Allow bending and twisting
  2. Hemidesmosomes: Attach cells to basal lamina

Question 9

How is Epithelium Classified?

Answer 9

Shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Layers: Simple, Stratified

Question 10

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 10

Simple Squamous Epithelium: Most delicate epithelium
Absorption and diffusion
Locations: Kidney tubules, linner lining of cornea, alveoli of lungs

Mesothelium: Lines ventral body cavities
Derived from embryionic mesoderm
_Endothelium: _ Lines the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels.

Question 11

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 11

Protects against attacks, abrasion and pathogens
Keratin protein adds strength and water resistance
Keratinized – where there is no moisture surface of skin

Non-keratinized – where there is moisture

  Oral cavity, esophagus

Question 12

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 12

Secretion and absorption, limited portection
Locations: Glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, thyroid gland, glomerulus

Question 13

Stratified Cuboidal Eithelium

Answer 13

Protection, secretion, absorption
Locations: lining of some ducts (rare)

Question 14

Transitional Epithelium

Answer 14

Permits expansion and recoiling after stretching.
Locations: Urinary bladder, male urethra

Question 15

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Answer 15

Absorption and secretion
Microvilli: increase surface area
Cillia: some have it and some don’t
Goblet Cells: Only place they exist.
Unicellular exocrine gland - secretes
Locations: Lining of stomach, intestines gallbladder, uterine tubes and collecting ducts of kidneys

Question 16

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 16

Move mucus w/cillia
False layers –nucleus overlap
Cillia or microvilli might be present.
Locations: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, male reproductive tract

Question 17

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 17

Protection

Locations: Salivary glands, pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands and urethra.

Question 18

2 Types of Glandular Epithelum

Answer 18

Endocrine: Release hormones into interstitial fluid
No ducts – release into body cavities
Most abundant
Exocrine Glands: Secrete onto epithelial surfaces through ducts

Question 19

Glandular Epithelia: Modes of Secretion

Answer 19

Merocrine Secretion (eccrine)
Produced in Golgi Apparatus
Released by vesicles (Exocytosis)
Sweat glands, salivary glands
Perspiraton, mucus
Apocrine Secretion
Produced in Golgi apparatus
Released by shedding cytoplasm
Mammary glands, axilary, pubic
Holocrine Secretion
Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells
Gland cells replaced by stem cells
Sebacious glands

Question 20

Types of Secretions

Answer 20

Types of secretions:
Serous glands: watery secretions
Mucous Glands – mucins
Mixed exocrine glands
Both serous and mucous
(Salivary glands)

Question 21

Gland Structure

Answer 21

Unicellular glands: Mucus (goblet) cells are the only unicellular exocrine glands.
Scattered among epithelia, intestinal lining
Multicellular glands
Structure of the duct (simple or compound)
Shape of secretory portion of the gland (tubular, alveolar, acinar, tubuloalveolar, and tubuloacinar)
Relationship between ducts and glandular area. (branched)

Question 22

Functions of Connective TIssues

Answer 22

Main Function: Binding and Support.
Fills internal spaces
Supports other tissues
Transports materials
Stores energy
Protection
Defense
Highly vascularized

Question 23

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

Answer 23

Specialized Cells
Matrix
Made from: Extracellular protein fibers
Fluid extracellular ground substance
Majority of tissue volume
Determines specialized functions

Question 24

Classifications of Connective Tissue

Answer 24

Classifications of Connective Tissue:
Connective Tissue Proper:_ _ Connects and protects
Loose Connective Tissue: More ground substance, fewer fibers
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
Dense Connective Tissue: More fibers, less ground substance
DRCT: Ligaments, aponeurosis, Tendons
DICT: Dermis
Elastic

Fluid Connective Tissue: Transport

Supporting Connective Tissue: Structural strength

Question 25

CT Cell Populations:

Fibroblast

Answer 25

Most abundant cell type in CT
Found in all connective tissue proper
Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)
Generates the fibers in the matrix

Question 26

CT Cell Populations:

Fibrocytes

Answer 26

2nd most abundant cell type in CT
Found in all connective tissue proper
Maintains the fibers in the matrix