Chapters 3, 4, 7, 8, 6 Flashcards
In social psychology how is our knowledge about yourselves to be stored?
In self schemas
Festinger (1954) introduced which concept?
Social comparison
To persuade people to comply with requests to buy certain products is central to many economies. Two of the most common tactics are?
Ingratiation and reciprocity principle.
Three classic variations of multiple request compliance techniques are:
Foot in the door, door in the face and low ball.
Sherif’s (1936) study is an example of what?
Normative influence
Asch’s (1951) study is an example of what?
Majority influence
The term ‘altruism’ refers to?
Unselfish acts of helping behaviour motivated by a desire to benefit another person.
An individual characteristic which has a noticeable link with helping someone in an emergency is:
Being empathetic
Which personality type has been associated with more competitiveness, impatience, temper and hostile aggression?
Type A
Cognition is not a situational factor which may result in aggression. True or False?
True
In social psychology, how is our knowledge about ourselves believed to be stored?
Self schema incongruent information
Markus and Nuris (1986) coined which term?
Possible selves
Chi-Hung (2005) emphasised that schemas also have which implications?
They have affective and behavioural implications
How did baumeister (1998) define the self?
Baumeister defined the self as ‘what you mean when you say I’ and as the ‘master motive’
How can self regulation be defined?
The purposeful, goal directed regulation of one’s own behaviour
What are the three processes of the control theory of self regulation
The stages are monitoring, evaluating and correcting
How many stages are there in the cognitive feedback system?
4
According to Higgins (1987, 1989) what can discrepancies between self comparisons result in?
They can result in different behaviours and feelings
What concept did Festinger (1954) introduce?
Social comparison
Sedikides and Gregg (2003) observed that we tend to perceive ourselves as which of the following?
Positively
The self evaluation maintenance model was developed by whom?
Tesser
Refer and Tesser (2000) documented which phenomenon?
How self enhancement techniques are used to maintain positive self evaluation
Tajfel and Turner (1979) argued that the self schema can be bound in what?
Group membership and comparisons
According to self categorisation theory, what comparisons are made?
Comparisons are made between (intra) and within (inter) groups
Cognitive prototypes are schemas for which of the following?
Groups
In contrast to western societies, Heine et al. (1999) observed that Japanese cultures hold what?
An external frame of reference
How many self construals did Markus and Kitayama (1991) identify?
2
Markus and Kitayama (1991) argued that psychological processes are influenced by what?
They are influenced by sociocultural systems
What comprises the self according to Markus and Kitayama (1991) model?
Thoughts feelings and actions
What term is assigned to changing ones behaviour due to the imagined or actual presence of others?
This is conformity
According to Deutsch and Gerard (1955) why do people conform?
Normative influence
Strength, immediacy and the number of people in the group are determinants of conformity in which theory?
Social impact theory
Sherif’s (1936) study is an example of what?
Informational influence
Arch’s (1951) study is an example of what?
Normative influence
What is the primary difference between normative and informational influence?
Informational influence can result in a real change in belief while normative influence only results in compliance
Who are more likely to conform according to Hodges and Geyer (2006)?
Collectivist cultures
Eagly and Carli (1981) observed which difference between men and women?
They observed that women are more likely to conform but that this difference is marginal
A typical participant in Ash’s study dissented how many times?
They dissented 75% of the time
Hodges and Geyer (2006) presented which hypothesis?
This was the values-pragmatics hypothesis
Which theory did Milgram (1963) use to explain his findings?
He drew from the banality of evil perspective
The loss of identity and feelings of responsibility which arises due to group membership is known as what?
This is deindividuation
Which of these factors may have led to obedience in Milgram’s experiment?
Informative social influence.
Normative social influence.
Conflicting norms and gradual commitment.
No time for reflection and experimenter effects.
Self justification and loss of responsibility.
According to the social identity theory, what determines conformity?
Whether the individual internalises group membership as part of their self concept
How many steps did Reicher et al. (2008) identify as precursors of tyranny?
5
Why would a member of a group dissent to Packer’s (2008) normative conflict model?
They would dissent if the current norm was harmful to the group
According to Moscovici (1980) what would majority influence result in?
It results in the outward change of behaviour but little internal change
Leniency contract theory emphasises what differences between majority and minority influence?
It posits that they are qualitatively different processes with qualitatively different results
Message source, the message, recipient characteristics and the channel of communication are factors of which approach?
This is the message learning approach
The tendency for rare attributes to be more central to our idea of the self than common ones is part of which theory?
This is the deviance regulation theory
An act which ends in itself with no benefit to the individual would be which of the following?
This would be a prosocial act
Revolutionary theory would be included in which level of Penner et al’.s (2005) categories of prosocial literature?
Micro
Situation specific prosocial behaviour between an individual and recipient would be at which of Penner et al.’s (2005) categories of prosocial behaviour?
This would be the meso level
Lanane and Darley’s (1968) study featured which of the following events?
It was a stooge having a seizure
The bystander effect is believed to originate through?
It originates through the diffusion of responsibility
How many stages of the decision making for prosocial behaviour did Lanane and Darley’s (1968) identify?
5
At which stage of the decision making process would individuals consider their own attributes in determining whether to help?
This is stage 4
Garcia et al. (2002) identified that which of the following could reduce prosocial behaviour?
This was priming the presence of bystanders
Which approach did Thornberg (2007) adopt to observe how children reacted in real life situations?
This was the ethnographic approach
What term is applied to the theory that we can increase the likelihood of our genes surviving if we ensure the survival of our relatives?
Inclusive fitness
What term is applied to the finding that we are more likely to help someone if this will be repaid in the future?
This is reciprocal altruism
Gouldner (1960) argued that which of the following norms encourage prosocial behaviour?
Reciprocity
What did Berkowitz (1972) identify?
Some people will help even when they are anonymous
According to Lerner and Miller (1978) how to most people view the world?
It is viewed as just and fair
Which of these were not associated with prosocial behaviour according to Bierhoff, Klien and Kramp (1991)?
Authoritarianism was not associated with prosocial behaviour
How many components of empathy did Baron, Byrne and Branscome (2007) identify?
Two: Cognitive and Affective
Which of these scales feature on the volunteering functions inventory?
Understanding. Values and social. Protective. Inventory enhancement. Career.
Moral cognition, moral identity and social opportunity from which type of influence according to Matsuba, Hart and Atkins (2007)
This is mediating influence
Personality, socioeconomics, culture and demographics form which type of influence according to Matsuba, Hart and Atkins (2007)?
This is enduring influence
Son and Wilson (2010) reviewed which influence on prosocial behaviour?
Genetic
Which personality type has been associated with more competitiveness, impatience, temper and hostile aggression?
Type A
Which personality type has been associated with calm and passivity?
Type B
Which of these factors is not a situational factor which may result in aggression?
Attribution is not situational
What is the relationship between heat and violent crime?
It is curvilinear meaning that violent crime increases as temperature increases but then declines once temperatures become to hot.
According to Freud, what function does aggression perform?
It restores balance
What term is often applied to Lorenz’s (1974) theory of aggression?
This is the steam boiler model
According to the evolutionary perspective, what benefits are there to human aggression?
Social functions.
Interpersonal functions.
Promoting survival.
Economic functions.
Which natural substances have been previously linked to aggression?
Testosterone and Cortisol
Bandura et al. (1961) documented that aggression could be shown?
This was vicarious learning
Displaced aggression is a central element of which theory?
This would be the frustration aggression hypothesis
Displaced aggression is a central element of which theory?
This would be the frustration aggression hypothesis
Marcus-Newhall et al, (2000) identified that aggression was transferred onto whom?
This was more accessible and less powerful targets
Berkowitz and LePage (1967) identified which effect?
The weapons effect
In what state must individuals be in for the weapons effect to occur according to Carlson, Marcus-Newhall and Miller (1990)
They must already be angered
The fight or flight response features at which level of the cognitive neo-associationist model?
Primitive association reaction
Which of the following issues is not a benefit of the cognitive neo-associationist model?
It does not offer a simpler account than the frustration aggression hypothesis
Anderson and Bushman (2002) introduced which framework for understanding aggression?
This was the general aggression model
Which factors interact at the route level of the GAM model?
Current internal state.
Affect.
Cognition.
Arousal.
Integrating the different approaches - the general aggression model
GAM
Which of these techniques would not produce quantitive measures?
Phenomenology
What term is applied to the affective component of how we feel about a certain group?
Prejudice
What term is applied to the behavioural component of the action taken towards a group?
This is discrimination
What type of information is usually held in schemas in the case of prejudice and discrimination?
This would be negative information
Tokenism is an example of what?
This is an example of positive discrimination
Which of the following may be experienced by members of a low status group?
Self-fulfilling prophecy. Exclusion. Reduced effort. Low self-esteem. Stigma.
What did Adorno et al. (1950) believe caused prejudice and discrimination?
This was upbringing and an authoritarian personality.
Altemeyer’s (1981, 1996) re-elaboration of authoritarian personality is also known as what?
This is right wing authoritarianism
What term is applied to a scale in which a high score can only be earned by agreeing with an attitude?
This is acquiescent response set
In regards to measures of authoritarianism, to what does F-scale refer?
This is the fascism scale
Which of the following factors are marginalised in personality accounts of discrimination?
Situational factors. Environmental factors. Contexts and socially desirability. Acquiescence and explanation above description. Socio-culture factors.
According to cognitive accounts of discrimination, what is the function of a schema?
Schemata would reduce cognitive load.
What did Degner and Wentura (2010) observe?
They observed automatisation of prejudice amongst young adolescents
What would a faster response time on the implicit association test suggest?
That there is an existing attitude
Which of the following points are true of cognitive perspectives of prejudice and discrimination?
It does not explain pronounced changes.
It does not explain the changeable nature of prejudice.
It marginalises situational factors.
It explains how everyone can be prejudiced.
It does not explain how attitudes shape behaviour.
Which of the following points reflect discursive accounts?
We share a common language through which accounts of the world are constructed
What discursive device is used to reject possible negative attributions?
This is a disclaimer
What discursive device is used to take a statement to the extreme?
This is extreme case formulation
On which other model is the realistic group conflict model based?
It is based on social identity theory
How did Sherif and Sherif (1953) reduce hostility in their field experiment?
Children had to work together to solve problems
What are the optimal prerequisites for successful intergroup contact?
Intergroup cooperation. Common goals. Support of authorities. Equal status. Between groups.
