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Biology 102 > Chapters 27 + 28: Animal Diversity and Invertebrates > Flashcards

Chapters 27 + 28: Animal Diversity and Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of the Animal Kingdom

A

Multicellularity: many have complex bodies and tissue structure
Heterotrophy: obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms
Active Movement: move more rapidly and in more complex ways
Sexual Reproduction
Determined/Fixed Body plan

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2
Q

Connective Tissue

A

cells embedded in an extracellular matrix
- ex. bone, cartilage

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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers, lines, protects and secretes

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4
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

coordinates movement

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5
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Powers locomotion

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6
Q

Cleavage

A

series of mitotic cell divisions

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7
Q

Blastula

A

migration of cells -> 6 to 32 cell hallow “ball”

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8
Q

Blastocoel

A

internal cavity

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9
Q

Gastrulation

A

its up formation of outer (ectoderm) and inner (endoderm) germ layers
- most animals have a third middle layer (mesoderm)

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10
Q

Features used to classify animals

A
  1. symmetry
  2. # of tissue layers
  3. origin of mouth + anus
  4. body plan and cavities
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11
Q

Symmetry

A

arrangement of body parts along axis

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12
Q

Radical Symmetry

A

arrangement around central air (radiate outward)
- suited for encountering environment from any direction (good for stationary lifestyle)

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13
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

divides along sagittal plate (right/left halves)
- allows for anterior and posterior cephalization
- suited for moving forward (sense organs in head)

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14
Q

Two major groups of embryological development

A

parazoa and eumetazoa

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15
Q

Parazoa

A

no true tissues or symmetry (sponges)

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16
Q

Eumetazoa

A

remaining animals that have tissues and symmetry

17
Q

Radiata (dioblasts)

A

two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
- radical symmetry

18
Q

Bilaterata (triploblasts)

A

three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
- bilateral symmetry
- all other animals

19
Q

endoderm

A

inner lining of digestive tract organs, trachea, and lungs

20
Q

mesoderm

A

all muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and most visceral organs

21
Q

ectoderm

A

outer epilitheum of body surface, CNS

22
Q

Coelom

A

body cavity; derived from mesoderm in early development
- lies between body wall and visceral organs
- fluid filled

23
Q

Acoelomates

A

lack body cavity
- mesoderm filled with tissue
- ex. flatworms

24
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

“false” body cavity
- derived from mesoderm + endoderm
- still functional
- ex. roundworms

25
Q

Coelomates

A

arises completely within mesoderm
- body cavity and internal organs lined with mesoderm
- tissue holds organs in place allowing motion
- most animals

26
Q

Protostomes

A

first mouth. Blastopore becomes mouth, anus is second opening

27
Q

Deuterostomes

A

second mouth. Blastopore becomes anus and mouth is second opening

28
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

due to angled cleavage -> spiral pattern of cells along embryo exists

29
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

fate of cells is determined early

30
Q

Radical Cleavage

A

cell division at right angles

31
Q

Indetermenate cleavage

A

fate of cells determined later in development

32
Q

Cambrian ‘Explosion” of Animal Life

A

542-488 mya
- one of most rapid periods of animal evolution (where most phyla we see today originated from)

33
Q

Post Cambrian Evolution and Mass Extinction

A

dramatic global and regional climate change can lead to mass extinctions
- major losses of diversity

34
Q

Permian Triassic Extinction

A

greatest extinction event (killed 95% of species)
- due to extensive climate change due to impact/volcanic events

35
Q

Invertebrates

A

all animals with out vertebrates (97%)
- many aquatic

36
Q

Sponges

A

simplest of all animals (all aquatic)
- no true tissue and asymmetrical
- larvae have mobility but not adults

37
Q

Sponges reproduction

A

asexual - budding
sexual - release egg and sperm in water

Biology 102 (1 decks)

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