Chapters 27 + 28: Animal Diversity and Invertebrates

Question 1

Features of the Animal Kingdom

Answer 1

Multicellularity: many have complex bodies and tissue structure
Heterotrophy: obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms
Active Movement: move more rapidly and in more complex ways
Sexual Reproduction
Determined/Fixed Body plan

Question 2

Connective Tissue

Answer 2

cells embedded in an extracellular matrix
- ex. bone, cartilage

Question 3

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 3

covers, lines, protects and secretes

Question 4

Nervous Tissue

Answer 4

coordinates movement

Question 5

Muscle Tissue

Answer 5

Powers locomotion

Question 6

Cleavage

Answer 6

series of mitotic cell divisions

Question 7

Blastula

Answer 7

migration of cells -> 6 to 32 cell hallow “ball”

Question 8

Blastocoel

Answer 8

internal cavity

Question 9

Gastrulation

Answer 9

its up formation of outer (ectoderm) and inner (endoderm) germ layers
- most animals have a third middle layer (mesoderm)

Question 10

Features used to classify animals

Answer 10

1. symmetry
2. # of tissue layers
3. origin of mouth + anus
4. body plan and cavities

Question 11

Symmetry

Answer 11

arrangement of body parts along axis

Question 12

Radical Symmetry

Answer 12

arrangement around central air (radiate outward)
- suited for encountering environment from any direction (good for stationary lifestyle)

Question 13

Bilateral symmetry

Answer 13

divides along sagittal plate (right/left halves)
- allows for anterior and posterior cephalization
- suited for moving forward (sense organs in head)

Question 14

Two major groups of embryological development

Answer 14

parazoa and eumetazoa

Question 15

Parazoa

Answer 15

no true tissues or symmetry (sponges)

Question 16

Eumetazoa

Answer 16

remaining animals that have tissues and symmetry

Question 17

Radiata (dioblasts)

Answer 17

two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
- radical symmetry

Question 18

Bilaterata (triploblasts)

Answer 18

three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
- bilateral symmetry
- all other animals

Question 19

endoderm

Answer 19

inner lining of digestive tract organs, trachea, and lungs

Question 20

mesoderm

Answer 20

all muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and most visceral organs

Question 21

ectoderm

Answer 21

outer epilitheum of body surface, CNS

Question 22

Coelom

Answer 22

body cavity; derived from mesoderm in early development
- lies between body wall and visceral organs
- fluid filled

Question 23

Acoelomates

Answer 23

lack body cavity
- mesoderm filled with tissue
- ex. flatworms

Question 24

Pseudocoelomates

Answer 24

“false” body cavity
- derived from mesoderm + endoderm
- still functional
- ex. roundworms

Question 25

Coelomates

Answer 25

arises completely within mesoderm - body cavity and internal organs lined with mesoderm - tissue holds organs in place allowing motion - most animals

Question 26

Protostomes

Answer 26

first mouth. Blastopore becomes mouth, anus is second opening

Question 27

Deuterostomes

Answer 27

second mouth. Blastopore becomes anus and mouth is second opening

Question 28

Spiral Cleavage

Answer 28

due to angled cleavage -> spiral pattern of cells along embryo exists

Question 29

Determinate cleavage

Answer 29

fate of cells is determined early

Question 30

Radical Cleavage

Answer 30

cell division at right angles

Question 31

Indetermenate cleavage

Answer 31

fate of cells determined later in development

Question 32

Cambrian 'Explosion" of Animal Life

Answer 32

542-488 mya - one of most rapid periods of animal evolution (where most phyla we see today originated from)

Question 33

Post Cambrian Evolution and Mass Extinction

Answer 33

dramatic global and regional climate change can lead to mass extinctions - major losses of diversity

Question 34

Permian Triassic Extinction

Answer 34

greatest extinction event (killed 95% of species) - due to extensive climate change due to impact/volcanic events

Question 35

Invertebrates

Answer 35

all animals with out vertebrates (97%) - many aquatic

Question 36

Sponges

Answer 36

simplest of all animals (all aquatic) - no true tissue and asymmetrical - larvae have mobility but not adults

Question 37

Sponges reproduction

Answer 37

asexual - budding sexual - release egg and sperm in water