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Biology 1306 > Chapters 22-27 > Flashcards

Chapters 22-27 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification; a change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

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2
Q

Descent with modification

A

Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day species

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3
Q

Fossils

A

The remains or traces of organisms from the past

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4
Q

Strata

A

Superimposed layers of rocks that fossils lie within

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5
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of fossils

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6
Q

Adaptations

A

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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7
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than those that don’t

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8
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits

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9
Q

Homology

A

Similarity resulting from shared ancestry; not necessarily similar function

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10
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor

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11
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors

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12
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

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13
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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14
Q

Analogous

A

Share similar feature because of convergent evolution; features share similar function, but not common ancestry

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15
Q

Biogeography

A

The scientific study of the geographic distributions of species

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16
Q

Pangaea

A

The single large continent 250 million years ago

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17
Q

Endemic

A

Found no where else in the world

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18
Q

Microevolution

A

A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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19
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences

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20
Q

Neutral variation

A

Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

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21
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA

22
Q

A point mutation

A

The change in as little as one base in a gene; can have significant impact on phenotype

23
Q

Gene variability

A

Genetic variation at the whole gene level

24
Q

Nucleotide variability

A

Genetic variation at the molecular level of DNA

25
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding segments of DNA

26
Q

Exons

A

The regions retained in mRNA after RNA processing

27
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

28
Q

Gene pool

A

All copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

29
Q

Locus

A

A specific place along the length of the chromosome where a given gene is located

30
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

In a population that is not evolving, allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles is at work

31
Q

5 conditions of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A
  1. No mutations
  2. Random mating
  3. No natural selection
  4. Extremely large population size
  5. No gene flow
32
Q

Adaptive evolution

A

A process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequency over time

33
Q

Genetic drift

A

Chance events that can also cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, especially in small populations

34
Q

Founder effect

A

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and this smaller group establishes a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

35
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A sudden change in the environment that drastically reduces the size of a population (ex. Flood, fire)

36
Q

Summary of the effects of genetic drift

A
  1. Genetic drift is significant in small populations
  2. Genetic drift can cause the allele frequencies to change at random
  3. Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations
  4. Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed
37
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

38
Q

Relative fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

39
Q

Directional selection

A

When conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range

40
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

41
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Acts against both of the extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

42
Q

Sexual selection

A

A process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates

43
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

A difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species

44
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Selection within the same sex; individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex

45
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Mate choice; individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex; choice usually depends on the showiness of appearance or behavior

46
Q

Balancing selection

A

Includes frequency dependent selection and heterozygote advantage

47
Q

Frequency Dependent selection

A

Fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

48
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

When individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes

49
Q

Pseudogene

A

A DNA segment that is very similar to a real gene but does not yield a functional product; a DNA segment that formerly functioned as a gene but has become inactivated in a particular species because of mutation

50
Q

3 mechanisms of evolution

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Gene flow
51
Q

Phenotype

A

The product of an inherited genotype and many environmental influences

Biology 1306 (1 decks)

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