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Bio exam 1 > chapters 2-6 > Flashcards

chapters 2-6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why does Rutherford experiment use gold foil?

A

to scatter a-particles by hitting the atomic nucleus

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2
Q

atoms are electrically neutral:

A

protons = #electrons = atomic number

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3
Q

Element

A

any substance that can’t be broken down by chemical means

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4
Q

mass is the amount of substance

A

and it is the same on earth or moon

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5
Q

weight is different on earth than on moon

A

is the force gravity exerts on a substance

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6
Q

mass of proton =

A

mass of neutron = 1 dalton. 1 gram = 6.02 x 1023 daltons

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7
Q

a cation has more protons than electrons

A

Anion has more electrons than protons

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons: C12, C13, etc.

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9
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

are unstable and decay at a constant rate measured as half-life

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10
Q

The chemical nature of an atom is dictated by

A

electrons in the outermost orbital (valence orbital)

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11
Q

electrons occupy discrete energy levels

A

K, L.. inside orbitals, each orbital with 2 electrons max

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12
Q

electronegativity is the affinity of an atom for electrons.

A

O = 3.5, N = 3.0, C = 2.5, H = 2.1

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13
Q

What does electronegativity make?

A

H2O is a polar molecule with oxygen being partially negative

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14
Q

Because of water’s polarity

A

hydrogen bonding is favored with O-acceptors and H-donors

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15
Q

Cohesion

A

when water molecules stick to each other at the surface

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16
Q

Adhesion

A

when water molecules stick to other polar molecules, such as glass

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17
Q

What does water cause hydrophobic molecules to do?

A

to aggregate or assume shapes like monolayers of micelles

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18
Q

Water is almost neutral: 1 molecule in 10

A

1 molecule in 10,000,000 ionizes

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19
Q

. strong acids dissociate completely in water

A

weak acids partially dissociate in water

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20
Q

. a buffer is a mixture of a weak acid + its salt that resists changes of pH

A

such as acetic acid + Na acetate

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21
Q

. the buffering comprises 1 pH unit above and 1 pH unit below the pKa of the acid

A
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22
Q

. primary functional groups are hydroxyl

A

carbonyl

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23
Q

. secondary functional groups are ester &thioester

A

ether & thioether

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24
Q

. structural isomers differ in structure of carbon skeleton

A
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25
Q

. stereoisomers differ in how groups attached. Enantiomers are chiral and mirror image

A
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26
Q

. polymers such as carbohydrates

A

nucleic acids & proteins are made of monomers

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27
Q

. macromolecules

A

including polymers

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28
Q

. monosaccharides: simple sugars with 3 – 9 carbons

A

have a carbonyl and hydroxyl groups

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29
Q

. oligo- and polysaccharides are also called glycans. Linear D-glucose has 4 stereocenters

A
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30
Q

. When D-glucose cyclize forms one more stereocenter with 2 orientations  and 

A
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31
Q

. D-glucose and D-fructose are structural isomers. D-galactose is a stereoisomer of D-glucose

A
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32
Q

. D-glucose + D-fructose makes sucrose. D-glucose + D-glucose makes maltose

A
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33
Q

. starch

A

a polymer of glucose

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34
Q

. cellulose is a linear polymer of D-glucose

A
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35
Q

. a nucleotide has a sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphates

A
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36
Q

. DNA has deoxyribose

A

RNA has ribose

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37
Q

. nucleic bases are purines (adenine & guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine

A

thymine and uracil)

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38
Q

. purines are present in both RNA and DNA as well as cytosine. DNA has thymine

A

RNA has uracil

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39
Q

. DNA encodes information for protein synthesis

A

has double helix with H-bonding: A:T and C:G

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40
Q

. RNA uses information in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins. RNA is single strand

A
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41
Q

. ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell; NAD+ and FAD are electron carriers

A
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42
Q

. there are 20  amino acids that DNA codes in protein synthesis. All amino acids are L

A
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43
Q

. there are four levels of protein structure: 1a is the sequence

A

2a can be -helix or -sheet mainly

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44
Q

. the 3a structure is the final shape of a globular or fibrous protein; 4a has 2 or more 3a structures

A
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45
Q

. hydrogen bonding

A

disulfide bridge

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46
Q

. motif is a folding pattern; domain is a unit of the protein that has a function

A

such as catalysis

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47
Q

. the functional form of a protein is called native state. Folding a protein requires chaperones

A
48
Q

. the primary structure of a protein determines its tertiary structure

A
49
Q

. fats

A

oils

50
Q

. triglycerides are esters of glycerol with 3 fatty acids. Fatty acids are acids with 12 to 20 carbons

A
51
Q

. animal unsaturated fatty acids are cis. Phospholipids have glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate

A
52
Q

. phospholipids are amphiphilic (surfactants

A

soaps) with a polar head and non-polar tail

53
Q

. cells are the basic unit of an organism

A

arise from previous cells; most are less than 50 m

54
Q

. Robert Hooke in 1665

A

was the first to observe cells using a microscope

55
Q

. microscopes are: light (resolve structures 200nm) and electronic (resolve structures 0.2 nm apart)

A
56
Q

. light microscopes have 2 magnifying lenses (compound) and are limited to lights’ wavelengths

A
57
Q

. electronic

A

beam of electrons and can be transmission (through sample) or scanning (on the surface)

58
Q

. basic structures of all cells: nucleoid or nucleus

A

cytoplasm

59
Q

. prokaryotes

A

the simplest organisms

60
Q

. in archaea domain walls have sugars/protein

A

in bacteria domain walls have peptidoglycans

61
Q

. some prokaryotes have organelles and infoldings in plasma membrane for chemical reactions

A
62
Q

. bacteria have microcompartments with semipermeable protein shell for metabolic processes

A
63
Q

. prokaryotes have actin- and tubulin-like structures

A

but cell shape is given by cell wall

64
Q

. some prokaryotes have pili and flagella that rotate using a proton gradient similar to ATP synthase

A
65
Q

. the peptidoglycan (sugars + polypeptides) cell walls of bacteria is susceptible to antibiotics

A
66
Q

. cell wall of archaea has saturated hydrocarbons attached to glycerol that gives them thermal protection

A
67
Q

. animal and plant cells have in common: plasma membrane

A

most of the same organelles + cytoskeleton

68
Q

. plant cells have in addition: cell wall

A

chloroplasts

69
Q

. the eukaryotes nucleus has DNA divided in linear chromosomes that with protein is called chromatin

A
70
Q

. eukaryotes nucleus has nucleolus for RNA synthesis and 2-phospholipid bilayer membrane with pores

A
71
Q

. nuclear pores allow the passage of ions and small molecules

A

control passage of large RNA complexes

72
Q

. largest internal membrane is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which divides the lumen from cytoplasm

A
73
Q

. rough ER (RER) has ribosomes that make proteins for export that can be tagged to form glycoproteins

A
74
Q

. smooth ER (SER) is a network of tubules and sacs with enzymes to make sugars

A

steroids and lipids

75
Q

. SER assembles membrane lipids

A

stores Ca ions and modifies foreign substances for detoxification

76
Q

. Golgi sorts and modifies proteins/ lipids received in cis face from RER/ SER and send those on trans face

A
77
Q

. lysosomes (organelles buddings from Golgi) have enzymes for degradation of many internal substances

A
78
Q

. peroxisomes

A

organelles bud off from ER

79
Q

. vacuoles in plants serve as storage for food or toxins

A

maintain osmotic pressure via water channels

80
Q

. osmotic pressure is the force required to stop flow from dilute to concentrated side on a membrane

A
81
Q

. an isotonic solution has equal concentrations on both sides of semipermeable membrane

A
82
Q

. mitochondria are semiautonomous and have inner-membrane enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation

A
83
Q

. chloroplasts of plants have two membranes and make sugars using CO2 as the source of carbon

A
84
Q

. cell cytoskeleton has 3 types of proteins: actin

A

microtubules and intermediate filaments

85
Q

. centrioles occur in pairs in animal cells and most protist

A

but not in plants or fungi. They have tubulin

86
Q

. eukaryotic flagella and cilia have 9 microtubule pairs surrounding 2 microtubules used for movement

A
87
Q

. eukaryotic cell walls have cellulose in plants and protists

A

and chitin or N-acetyl glucosamine in fungi

88
Q

. instead of cell wall

A

animals have collagen

89
Q

. cell surface has glycolipids and MHC protein: markers (blood types)

A

cell recognition (immune system)

90
Q

. Cell connections are: 1) adhesive junctions 2) tight junctions and 3) communicating junctions

A
91
Q

. plasmodesmata in plants are gaps in cell walls that connect ERs of two cells by a central tube

A
92
Q

. cellular membranes have: lipids

A

integral proteins

93
Q

. membrane lipids are glycerophospholipids

A

sphingolipids and sterols such as cholesterol

94
Q

. saturated fatty acids are present in warm temperatures

A

unsaturated FA are present in cold

95
Q

. membrane transport can be: passive

A

facilitated and active which requires energy from ATP

96
Q

. in passive transport

A

molecules move from high to low concentration with no energy needed

97
Q

. in facilitated diffusion solute move through channel and carrier proteins from high to low concentration

A
98
Q

. osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration

A
99
Q

. primary active transport requires ATP and move substances from low to high concentration

A
100
Q

. 2a active transport uses energy of 1a active transport to move another against concentration gradient

A
101
Q

. bulk transport can be endocytosis (into the cell) or exocytosis (discharge of materials out of the cell)

A
102
Q

. endocytosis is: phagocytosis (solids)

A

pinocytosis (liquids) or receptor mediated

103
Q

. one calorie is the heat required to raise 1oC to 1 gram of water

A
104
Q

. oxidation is the loss of electrons

A

reduction is gain of electrons and has higher energy than oxidation

105
Q

. enthalpy (H) is the heat exchange between a system and its surroundings at constant pressure

A
106
Q

. entropy (S) is the degree of disorder of a system and increases in an isolated system (2nd law)

A
107
Q

. free energy

A

G

108
Q

. if G is negative

A

the products have less free energy than reactants and reaction can be spontaneous

109
Q

. activation energy is the energy required to destabilize bonds to initiate a chemical reaction

A
110
Q

. the rate of a reaction depends on the activation energy (Ea) required; the lower Ea the faster the rate

A
111
Q

. a catalyst influences chemical bonds to lower Ea. Enzymes are protein catalysts

A

but some are RNA

112
Q

. ATP is 1a energy currency of a cell

A

good for short-term storage. For long energy storage: fats & sugars

113
Q

. the enzyme active site is a pocket or clef for precise fit binding of a substrate

A
114
Q

. inhibitors can bind enzyme at active site (competitive) or at a different site (allosteric site)

A
115
Q

. cofactors assist enzymes in function; can be metal ions (Zn

A

Mn

116
Q
A

Bio exam 1 (1 decks)

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