Chapters 2-5 Flashcards
the set of symbols or words that are used to create a symbol for communicating between individuals
language
simplest; the first level of language where the focus is placed on sounds and the alphabet
phonetics
the distinctive sounds, unique to each language, that words are composed of
Phonemes
the second level of language where the focus is placed on words and their meanings
Semantics
someone who studies the change of words and their meanings over a period of time
Semanticist
the third level of language is the level that focuses on how words are arranged to form phrases and sentences, otherwise known as syntax
Syntactic level
the fourth level of language is the level of language that looks at how language is used in social situations
Pragmatics
English for paper, this was the substance created by the Egyptians made from reeds found along the banks of the Nile River that Ancient Egyptians used for keeping written records
Papyrus
professional writers, always men, who were trained to read and write in ancient civilizations
Scribes
writing surface created from the soaking, stretching, and dying of calf, goat, and sheep skin
Parchment
Printing style used by the Chinese, employing stamp-like devices to transfer images from wood using thick coats of ink onto paper
Block Printing
separate characters placed individually on tiles, made of wood or clay, to be reused to form a variety of words and sentences in printing
Movable Types
a system of raised dots representing the letters of the alphabet and other symbols that aid in communication for the blind
Braille
a dot and dash messaging system used first in telegraphs and later by radios to communicate
Morse Code
online places where people gather virtually to share information about themselves and their lives with others on the web
Social Networks
the predecessor to the Internet created by the US Military to link all of their computers together forming a network
ARPANET
when a listener is not fully engaged in the listening process which results in a lack of awareness of a message being sent from a given source
passive listening
when a listener is fully engaged in the listening processes and the message being sent is recognized and received
active listening
listening for differences in sounds and signs
discriminative listening
listening where we make sense of or understand the message being sent to us
comprehension listening
listening in order to judge, criticize, or evaluate something
critical listening
listening to hear what we want to hear or listening based on preconceived notions and stereotypes
biased listening
listening to hear information that will satisfy our own needs
appreciative listening
listening that occurs when we are genuinely concerned for or care about another person
sympathetic listening
listening in search of a way to understand someone’s feelings
empathetic listening
listening as part of a conversation or exchange of thoughts and ideas
dialogic listening
a discussion where issues are closely looked at and examined and a shared understanding is reached
dialogue
noise that is created internally as a result of intrapersonal communication
Psychological noise
between 2 people
diatic
occur when each member brings something to the relationship that the other person lacks
complementary relationships
occur when both members of the relationship share highly similar qualities that in some cases mirror each other
symmetrical relationships
the process of revealing things about yourself that people are unlikely to know
self-disclosure
the tension that exists between two conflicting people or forces
dialectics
problems that arise due to an opposition in needs or interests
conflict
conflict resolution style where one person gives in to let the other person get what they want, thus smoothing over the conflict
accommodating
conflict resolution style where both parties make concessions in order to get an end that they both can agree on to resolve the conflict
compromising
conflict resolution style where an individual withdraws from a situation, refusing to deal with the problem altogether
avoiding
conflict resolution style where one person ends up “winning” while the other person “loses”
competing
conflict resolution style where both parties come together to agree upon conditions of a solution that meet all of their demands and needs
collaboration
the use of communication to reach a mutual agreement
negotiating
communication codes consisting of symbols that are not words
nonverbal codes
occurs when a nonverbal code is used in conjunction with a verbal code to strengthen the message
accentuation
nonverbal codes are added to verbal codes in order to add meaning to an expand upon both
complementation
occurs when nonverbal codes conflict with verbal codes
contradiction
occurs when the same message is sent using verbal and nonverbal codes
repetition
the use of nonverbal codes to monitor and control your interaction with others
regulation
occurs when nonverbal codes are used in place of verbal codes
substitution
the study of how bodily movements communicate messages
kinesics
nonverbal movements that represent a certain word or phrase
emblems
nonverbal movements that are meant to go along with or reinforce a verbal message
illustrators
nonverbal movements of the face and body to show emotion
affect displays
nonverbal movements that control the pace of communication
regulators
nonverbal movements that are usually done in order to make you feel better and alleviate tension within your body
adaptors
the study of how humans use space and distance and how this affects communication
proxemics
that distance that extends outward from you 18 inches
intimate distance
that distance that extends 18 inches to 4 feet from you
personal distance
that distance that extends 4 to 12 feed from you
social distance
the space that extends past 12 feet from you
public distance
the study of time, particularly how people organize and use it and this organization’s effect on communication
chronemics
the study of how physical touch affects communication
haptics
the use of touch in communication
tactile communication
the study of our voice
vocalics
vocal characteristics
paralanguage
the loudness or softness of the voice
volume
the speed at which you speak
rate
how high or low someone speaks
pitch
the change in pitch or loudness of the voice
inflection
words such as uh um like you know and so on
vocal fillers
the richness or thinness of your voice
resonance
a set of moral standards and principles
ethics
those groups whose purpose is to shape our self-esteem and personality all the while offering us feelings of safety and support
social groups
those groups that we belong to in order to complete a specific job or task
work groups
a group where members are all responsible for performing the same activity and pool their work together to create a finished product
additive work groups
a group where members perform tasks that are different but related in order to meet a goal
conjunctive work groups
a group where members are responsible for solving a problem
disjunctive task work group
tasks that require members to choose one correct answer to a problem from all of the potential solutions
judgement tasks
tasks that require group members to decide on the bes alternative out of a set of options
decision-making tasks
groups that evolve spontaneously or form to serve a specific purpose
emergent work groups
the idea that the collaborative efforts of a group are better at solving problems and getting work done than individual alone
group synergy
the need to establish identity as part of a group
inclusion
the need to assert authority over a group and prove one’s abilities
control
the need to establish relationships with other people
affection
the belief of group members who share a common goal that the work they do will be affected by other members of the group
social interdependence
the stage of group development where members get to know each other and are introduced to the task at hand
forming
the stage of group development where work commences and members begin to establish themselves within the group
storming
the stage of group development where rules are established that will dictate how the group’s goal will be accomplished
norming
rules that are not clearly started or written down but are understood by members of the group
implicit rules
rules that are written down and clearly stated for all members to know
explicit rules
the stage of group development where members work to reach a conclusion that they will subsequently implement
performing
the stage of group development where to group disbands becauses all of the work has been completed
adjourning
the roles responsible for specific tasks within a group
task-oriented roles
the roles responsible for the socialization and morale of the group
social roles
the roles that place the needs and desires of the group member before that of the group
individualistic roles
the tendency of members of a group to agree on a solution based on group consensus alone rather than weighing all of the possible options
groupthink
the reaction that occurs in a small group where a group’s size affects the output of the work done by its members
the Ringelmann Effect
