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A&P 2 Bio 110 > Chapters 17,18,19,20,21,22 > Flashcards

Chapters 17,18,19,20,21,22 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What takes blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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2
Q

What do each ventricular wall contain?

A

Finger-like projections known as papillary muscles

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3
Q

Does gas exchange happen on the left side? Explain if yes

A

Oxygen now diffuses from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide now diffuses from the tissues into the blood

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4
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the Thoracic Cavity also known as the Mediastinum

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5
Q

The atria receives blood from?

A

The veins

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6
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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7
Q

Where is the foramen ovale present at?

A

The fetal heart in the interatrial septum.

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8
Q

What other name is the veins known as?

A

Blood vessels

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9
Q

What does the pulmonary arteries of the pulmonary circuit deliver?

A

blood that is oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich (deoxygenated)

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10
Q

What is another name for the right side of the body?

A

The pulmonary pump

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11
Q

What are the two flaps composed of on the atrioventricular valves?

A

Cusps; endocardium overlying thin extensions of the fibrous skeleton.

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12
Q

Coronary arterial supply is complicated because of the formation of?

A

anastomoses.

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13
Q

What do we find extending from the inferior end of the cusps?

A

Chordae tendineae.

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14
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a greater resistance then the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle has to work harder than the right ventricle it is why the left ventricle has a greater muscle mass.

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15
Q

Is the pulmonary circuit high or low-pressured and why?

A

The pulmonary circuit is low-pressured because it can only deliver blood at a short distance to the lungs.

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16
Q

The ventricles both have a ridged surface what is this created from? What are these ridges known as?

A

irregular protrusions of cardiac muscle tissue. These ridges are collectively referred to as Trabeculae carneae

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17
Q

An indentation that is externally is called? Where is it located?

A

Atrioventricular Sulcus, it is located between the atria and ventricles

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18
Q

How many liters of blood does the human body hold?

A

5 liters

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19
Q

Where does the right side pump blood?

A

Into a series of blood vessels which leads to the lungs

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20
Q

What two valves prevent blood in pulmonary trunk and the aorta from flowing back into the ventricles?

A

Semilunar valves

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21
Q

Is there another depression? If yes what is it’s name and where is it located?

A

Yes, there is another depression known as interventricular sulcus located between the right and left ventricles

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22
Q

How does the circumflex get it’s name?

A

It curves along the left atrioventricular sulcus and flexes around the heart

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23
Q

The right and left receive blood from which part of the body?

A

The superior and inferior venae cavae/ pulmonary veins

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24
Q

What are the valves between the atria and the ventricles called?

A

The right and left atrioventricular (AV) Valves

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25
Q

How much does the Heart weigh?

A

less than 1 lbs

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26
Q

Explain what takes place during gas exchange? where does this take place?

A

oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli to be expired. this all happens on the right side.

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27
Q

Why is back flow of blood from the vein generally not able to go into the atria?

A

The atria is under low pressure and blood mostly flows to help with gravity and the pressure in the veins.

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28
Q

On the posterior side of the right atrium you can expect to find?

A

The openings of the superior and inferior venae cavae and the coronary sinus.

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29
Q

Explain the structure of the heart.

A

It is cone-shaped

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30
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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31
Q

Are the left and right ventricles symmetrical?

A

No, they are both asymmetrical.

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32
Q

Explain the blood flow through the heart.

A

The blood travels through the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary capillaries, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta and back again to the right atrium.

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33
Q

How can you think of the semilunar valve as?

A

“Outflow” since the blood passes through them as it flows out of the heart.

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34
Q

What is the smallest vessels known as

A

pulmonary capillaries

35
Q

Is the systemic circuit high or low- pressured and why?

A

The systemic circuit is high-pressured because it travels further to reach the entire body.

36
Q

Explain where the oxygen-rich blood travels and through what?

A

the vein transport oxygen-rich blood to the heart

37
Q

What are the AV valves known as? Why?

A

Inflow ; because blood must flow through them to enter the ventricles.

38
Q

Why is the right ventricle smaller then the left ventricle?

A

The right ventricle has little resistance against which to pump, whereas the left ventricle pumps against a much greater resistance.

39
Q

why are the auricles named this?

A

It has a resemblance to the external ear.

40
Q

Where do the veins carry blood?

A

To the heart

41
Q

Explain how the heart functions as a double pump.

A

the heart is divided functionally into right and left sides. The right side pumps blood into the lungs whereas the left side pumps blood into the body.

42
Q

What is another name that the left side is known as and where does it pump blood to?

A

The left side is also known as the systemic pump which pumps blood throughout the whole body.

43
Q

Does the heart secret hormones?

A

Yes, atrial natriuretic peptide.

44
Q

The contractile cell action potential is generated by?

A

Pacemaker cells which are rapidly transmitted to contractile cells via the intercalated discs that unite them.

45
Q

The internal surface of the right atrium has muscular ridges on it’s anterior side know as?

A

Pectinate muscles

46
Q

Explain what happens on the left side.

A

the left side receives blood that is oxygenated from the pulmonary veins/ then pumps it into blood vessels that serve the body.

47
Q

Collateral Circulation takes place because

A

blood flow to the myocardium is insufficient, occasionally new anastomoses will form to provide alternate routes of blood flow, collaterals formed in this manner help to protect muscle cells from damage that can result from blocked vessels.

48
Q

The atrium’s both have?

A

A muscular pouch called the auricle.

49
Q

Where does the coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood? explain why.

A

To the coronary capillary beds, gas and nutrients exchange takes place within the myocardium

50
Q

Explain how the left interventricular artery gets it’s name.

A

The name comes from the fact that it travels along the anterior interventricular sulcus, also at the apex of the heart it travels a short distance along the posterior interventricular sulcus

51
Q

Explain the posterior interventricular artery.

A

When the marginal artery branches off, the right coronary artery curls around to the posterior heart and travels in the posterior interventricular sulcus which is the reason for it’s name.

52
Q

Why must blood flow go through one direction in the heart?

A

It’s so the deoxygenated blood goes to the pulmonary circuit and oxygenated blood goes to the systemic circuit.

53
Q

How is it possible to see an image of the arteries? Explain how.

A

Through a procedure called percutaneous coronary angiography, by taking a small tube and feeding it through an artery in the systemic circuit, into the ascending aorta an then into the right and left coronary arteries.

54
Q

where does the blood go from the venae cavae’s and pulmonary vein?

A

They deliver blood to the ventricles

55
Q

What are anastomoses?

A

systems of channels formed between blood vessels

56
Q

What is enabled when the auricles expand?

A

It gives the atria’s more space in which to hold blood.

57
Q

Where does the heart’s base point?

A

posterior side facing the posterior rib cage

58
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

A

It’s a small indentation located in the interatrial septum.

59
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk and the aortic valve.

60
Q

Explain the structure of the left atrium.

A

The left atrium has a thicker wall, smaller, and is located on the posterior side of the heart.

61
Q

Explain the functions of blood.

A

Blood delivers nutrients, wastes to be excreted, and distributes hormones to their target cells throughout the body,

62
Q

Explain what the two atria’s are separated by?

A

A thin wall called the interatrial septum.

63
Q

Can you explain where the fossa ovalis originated from?

A

This is the remnant of a hole known as the foramen ovale.

64
Q

Where does the heart’s apex point?

A

towards the left hip

65
Q

Why is the heart drained and supplied by a set of blood vessels called the coronary circulation?

A

The myocardium is too thick for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from inside the chambers to all organ cells.

66
Q

What is the largest branch named because it typically arises near the inferior margin, or border, of the heart?

A

The marginal artery

67
Q

the left ventricle pumps blood into?

A

the aorta

68
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into?

A

pulmonary trunk

69
Q

Explain the right atrium structure.

A

The atrium is not symmetrical in size, shape, or location, it is large, thin-walled and located anteriorly.

70
Q

The left atrium is formed by?

A

The pulmonary veins and internally it’s walls are smooth

71
Q

Explain how many chambers the heart has? what are the names of each chamber?

A

The heart has 4 chambers, their names are Superior right and left atria, inferior right and left ventricles.

72
Q

gas exchange takes place where?

A

between the tiny sacs in the lungs known as alveoli.

73
Q

What contracts with the rest of the ventricular muscles and helps to expel blood into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

A

Interventricular septum

74
Q

Name the two vessels that emerges from the ascending aorta.

A

The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

75
Q

What are the number of cusps each valve contains and their correct names?

A

Tricuspids valve has three cusps and the mitral valve has two cusps.

76
Q

What organs are located near the heart?

A

The lungs, great blood vessels, trachea and esophagus

77
Q

The pericardial cavity is located between

A

The parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

78
Q

Match the following terms with the correct definition.

Auricle

Aorta

Coronary sinus

Papillary muscles

Fossa ovalis

Pectinate muscle

Venae cavae

Pulmoary trunk

Chordae tendineae

Pulmonary veins

A

Auricle= flap like extensions from the left and right atrium.

Aorta= Largest artery in the systemic circuit.

Coronary sinus= Drainage point for the coronary veins.

Papillary muscles=finger-like projections of the ventricular muscle.

Fossa ovalis= remnant of a hole present in the fetal interatrial septum

Pectinate muscle= ridges of the muscles in the artia.

Venae cavae= two largest veins in the systemic circuit.

Pulmonary trunk= Main artery of the pulmonary circuit

Chordae tendineae= Extensions that attach papillary

muscles to valves

Pulmonary veins= Veins that drain the pulmonary circuit

79
Q

Fill in the blank: The coronary arteries are the first branches off the_________. The right coronary artery becomes the______________ on the posterior side of the heart. The left coronary artery branches into the_________and the____________

A

Ascending aorta, posterior interventricular artery , anterior interventricular arteryand the circumflex artery

80
Q

How do pacemaker cardiac muscle cells differ from contractile cardiac muscle cells?

A

Cardiac muscle cells are autorhythmicity, spontaneously, and rythmically. contain fewer contractile elements and contains no Na+ channels

81
Q

Cardaic muscle cells are connected by?

A

intercalated discs

82
Q

When cells are infected with the virus that causes the common cold cells secrete small proteins known as?

A

Interferons

83
Q

Why do interferons and cytokines play a central role in immune protection against viruses and have several important effects in infected tissues?

A

When interferons enter the circulation, they can lead to symptoms typical of many viral infections, which includes fever, tiredness, and muscles aches. First interferons act as signaling molecules which allow infected cells to warn nearby uninfected cells of the presence of viruses. The interforns bind to the neighboring cells. This causes the cells to produce proteins that interfer with the viral replication. Interferons cause an increase in Class I MHC molecules which happen on the surface of infected cells.This allows for the cytotoxic t cells to survey the area to identify and eliminate them. Contribute to the activation and recruitment of nnatural killer cells

84
Q
A

A&P 2 Bio 110 (1 decks)

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