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Biology > Chapters 14, 15 + 16 - DNA > Flashcards

Chapters 14, 15 + 16 - DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The way in which information about the sequence of amino acids which make up a protein is coded for by bases on a molecule of mRNA.

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

The first stage of protein synthesis in which mRNA is produced from the DNA which makes up a particular gene.

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3
Q

What is DNA helicase?

A

The enzyme that acts on a specific region of DNA to break the hydrogen bonds between bases.

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4
Q

What is translation?

A

The second stage of protein synthesis in which the code on the mRNA molecule is used to control the production of a polypeptide chain by a ribosome.

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5
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

The sequence of three bases on a molecule of tRNA which correspond to a particular codon on an mRNA molecule.

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6
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Transfer ribonucleic acid.

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7
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger ribonucleic acid.

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8
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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9
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Variation in which individuals fall into distinct categories.

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10
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

A change to one or more bases in the DNA that forms an organism’s genetic material.

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11
Q

What is a substitution mutation?

A

The replacement of one base by another.

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12
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

The removal of one base.

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13
Q

What is a non-sense mutation?

A

A type of substitution mutation where the base change results in the formation of one of the three stop codons that mark the end of a polypeptide chain.

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14
Q

What is a mis-sense mutation?

A

A type of substitution mutation where the base change results in a different amino acid being coded for.

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15
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

A type of substitution mutation in which the substituted base still codes for the same amino acid as before, but with a different codon.

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16
Q

What is a mutagen/mutagenic agent?

A

An environmental factor which increases the rate of mutation.

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17
Q

What is a proto oncogene?

A

A gene that stimulates cell division.

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18
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A mutated proto oncogene that results in increased cell division leading to the growth of tumours.

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19
Q

What is a tumour suppressor gene?

A

A gene whose function is to help control multiplication of cells. Any mutation may stop it functioning properly - division is not prevented.

20
Q

What is totipotency?

A

The ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.

21
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated dividing cells that occur in embryos and in adult animal tissues that require constant replacement.

22
Q

What are transcriptional factors?

A

Specific molecules that move from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to stimulate transcription to begin.

23
Q

What is siRNA?

A

Small interfering RNA - small double stranded sections of RNA.

24
Q

What is recombinant?

A

A cell which contains a different combination of genes or DNA from that found in its parent cell.

25
Q

What is genetically modified?

A

A term used to describe organisms whose DNA has been altered by the process of genetic engineering.

26
Q

What is reverse transcriptase?

A

An enzyme, found in retroviruses, that produces a DNA molecule from the corresponding mRNA.

27
Q

What are restriction endonucleases?

A

One of a group of enzymes that are able to cut DNA molecules at specific points along their lengths, found naturally in many bacteria.

28
Q

What is a vector?

A

A molecule of DNA that acts as a carrier.

29
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

A type of enzyme which is used to join lengths of DNA together.

30
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides together during transcription.

31
Q

What is the polymerase chain reaction?

A

A process used by biologists to make large amounts of identical DNA from very small sample.

32
Q

What are primers?

A

Short sequences of nucleotides.

33
Q

What is a thermocycler?

A

A computer controlled machine that varies temperatures precisely over period of time.

34
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

An inherited condition in which affected individuals lack a protein which is responsible for the transport of chloride ions. This results in the production of a viscous mucus.

35
Q

What is gene replacement?

A

Where the defective gene is replaced with a healthy gene.

36
Q

What is been supplementation?

A

One or more copies of the healthy gene are added alongside the defective gene.

37
Q

What is germ line gene therapy?

A

Involves replacing or supplementing the defective gene in the fertilised egg.

38
Q

What is somatic cell gene therapy?

A

Affects only affected tissues and must be replaced regularly.

39
Q

What is a DNA probe?

A

A single strand of DNA which is used to identify a particular gene - it has a complementary base sequence and contain radioactive or fluorescent nucleotides.

40
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A

A technique used to separate DNA fragments of different lengths by placing them on agar gel and passing a voltage across them.

41
Q

What is restriction mapping?

A

Involves cutting DNA with a series of different restriction endonucleases. The fragments produced are then separated by gel electrophoresis. The distance between recognition sites are then determined by the pattern of fragments produced.

42
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Testing for the allele that causes a particular inherited condition.

43
Q

What is genetic counselling?

A

Informing patients who are at risk about the likelihood of and consequences of a child inheriting a genetic disease and discussing the various options that are open to them.

44
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

An aspect of biotechnology which involves altering the genetic make up of an organism.

45
Q

What is genetic fingerprinting?

A

A technique which can be used to distinguish between individuals by looking at similarities and differences in part of their DNA.

Biology (7 decks)

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