Chapters 13-15 Flashcards
Informative Speeches
Aim to increase the audience’s understanding and knowledge of a topic
Persuasive Speeches
Are intended to influence the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of an audience
Special-Occasion Speeches
Are given at common events (like weddings and funerals), and many of us will deliver such a speech at some point in time
Audience Analysis
It’s important to understand and appreciate your audience’s expectations for the speech as well as key situational factors
Demographics
The quantifiable characteristics of your audience
Psychographics
Psychological measures that will help you identify topics that the audience would be interested in learning about
Homogeny
Seeking a common ground by determining prior exposure and considering dispositions
You can learn more about your audience by:
Observing people, getting to know people, conducting interviews, using surveys, and using the internet
Brainstorming or Clustering
To amass information, think creatively, and consider problems and solutions related to your topic
Specific Purpose Statement
Expresses the topic and the general speech purpose in action form and in terms of the specific objectives you hope to achieve with your presentation
Thesis Statement
A summary of your central idea
Expert Testimony
The opinion of an authority
Lay Testimony
Opinion based on personal experience
Scientific Research Findings
Carry weight in topics on medicine, health, media, and the environment
Statistics
Information in numerical form that can clarify your presentation
Anecdotes
Relevant personal stories, bring the human experience to the speech
Surveys
Will add the point of view of larger range of people
Directory, Library Gateway, Search Engines, and Research Search Engines
Databases to find materials
Credibility
The quality, authority, and reliability of each source you use
Plagiarism
Presenting someone else’s intellectual property as your own
Running Bibliography
The list of resources you have consulted
Main Points
The central claims that support your specific speech purpose and your thesis statement
Subpoints
Support your main points, using the statistics, stories, and other forms of research you discover on your topic
Chronological Pattern
Presents main points in a systematic, time-related fashion
Topical Pattern
Based on categories, such as person, place, thing, or process.
Spatial Pattern
Arranges points according to physical proximity or direction from one to the next
Problem-Solution Pattern
First presents an obstacle, and then gives suggestions for overcoming it
Cause-Effect Pattern
Moves from the cause of a phenomenon to the results or vice versa
Narrative Pattern
Uses a story line to tie points together
Motivated Sequence Pattern
Uses a five-step plan to motivate listeners: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
Transitions
Sentences that connect the points so that topics flow naturally
Signposts
Key words or phrases that signify transitions
Internal Previews
Primes the audience for the content immediately ahead
Internal summaries
Crystalize points in one section before moving on
Delivery Cues
Brief reminders about important information to your speaking outline
Oral Citations
References to source materials to be included in your narrative, and should be included in your speaking outline
Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA)
The nervousness we experience when we know we have to communicate publicly to an audience
Communication Apprehension (CA)
The general fear or anxiety surrounding communication with others, and is a common barrier to effective delivery
Anxiety Triggers
Upsetting past experiences, fear of evaluation, and distaste for attention
Oratory
Speaking from memory
Impromptu Speaking
Speaking spontaneously with no warning beforehand
Extemporaneous Speaking
Makes speech look easy and spontaneous, but is actually based on an outline of key points and practice
Monotone
No variation in voice (same tone)
Speaking rate
The speed of your speech
Pronounciation and Articulation
Speaking clearly: avoid mumbling
Verbal Fillers
“Um, uh, ah, so, you know, okay, like,” etc.
Upspeak
The tendency to raise one’s voice at the end of sentences
Scanning
Making brief eye contact with almost everyone in the room
