Chapters 12 & 13 Flashcards
Equality & Inequality; Political Systems
The story of Short Woman comes from the __________.
a. Apache
b. Nuer
c. Cheyenne
d. Arapaho
c. Cheyenne
According to the Short Woman narrative, how do the Cheyenne deal with wrongdoers?
a. They are banished from the community.
b. They are publicly chastised for a year.
c. They must give half of their food to the community.
d. They are tried by a jury of their peers
a. They are banished from the community.
Functions of political organizations in society do NOT include __________.
a. settling disputes
b. organizing activities
c. selecting leaders
d. developing new technology
d. developing new technology
Which branch of anthropology would be concerned with how groups elect their leaders?
a. Social anthropology
b. symbolic anthropology
c. Political anthropology
d. Economic anthropology
c. Political anthropology
Which of the following is NOT a principle upon which social groups are formed?
a. Wealth
b. sharing
c. Cohesion
d. Reciprocity
a. Wealth
__________ introduced the four-part typology of band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.
a. Elman Service
b. Clifford Geertz
c. Leslie White
d. Margaret Mead
a. Elman Service
The typology of band, tribe, chiefdom, and state is still used because __________.
a. all societies fall into one of these three types
b. these categories are scientifically demonstrable
c. they are useful tools for discussion of societal differences
d. they are absolute cases
c. they are useful tools for discussion of societal differences
Which of the following is an accurate statement about Service’s typology of political organization?
a. It is ideal, in that features do not overlap from one typology to another.
b. The ordering of the types indicates an increasing evolution and advancement of societies.
c. It is a useful tool in discussing anthropological cultural differences.
d. Since it is a decades-old concept, it has no use in modern-day cultural anthropology
c. It is a useful tool in discussing anthropological cultural differences.
Which of the following is an example of influence?
a. Tomo is a good hunter and often brings home a lot of meat. As a result, he has many friends who want to share this meat.
b. A doctor prescribes cholesterol-lower medicine to you. You don’t think you need this medicine but decide to take it anyway because your doctor probably knows better than you do.
c. A police officer pulls you over and tells you to fix your tail light. You decide not to fix it until you have more money.
d. A chief tells the wealthy members of society to give food to the poorer members of the chiefdom.
a. Tomo is a good hunter and often brings home a lot of meat. As a result, he has many friends who want to share this meat.
Which of the following best describes a small, loosely organized groups of people held together by informal means?
a. Bands
b. Tribes
c. Chiefdoms
d. states
a. Bands
Most bands pursue a __________ style of subsistence economy.
a. pastoral
b. foraging
c. horticultural
d. agricultural
b. foraging
Which of the following is NOT an example of a band society?
a. Saami
b. Navajo
c. Tiwi
d. Mbuti
b. Navajo
Membership in band societies is usually based on __________.
a. selection for inclusion
b. age
c. kinship
d. merit
c. kinship
A society that doesn’t have private property and has leadership based on achievement, rather than family relations, is most likely a __________.
a. band
b. tribe
c. chiefdom
d. state
a. band
In band society, __________ are the fundamental units of organization.
a. kin groups
b. households
c. political parties
d. trade networks
b. households
Which of the following statements about band societies is FALSE?
a. They are currently located in isolated and marginal areas of the world.
b. Their populations range from twenty-five members to several hundred members.
c. Their leaders are selected on the basis of personal wealth and property ownership.
d. While leaders have some influence, they lack the authority to enforce their will.
c. Their leaders are selected on the basis of personal wealth and property ownership.
Many of the traits of band societies are the result of __________.
a. the economic need to be nomadic
b. the use of reciprocal trade relationships
c. clans as the basis of kinship
d. democratic decision making
a. the economic need to be nomadic
Which of the following would most likely be a reward for good leadership in band societies?
a. Greater wealth
b. Military power
c. Prestige
d. Rights of other people
c. Prestige
In a band society, which of the following is most likely to make you a leader?
a. Inheritance
b. Elections
c. Authority from God
d. Skill in warfare
d. Skill in warfare
The Tiwi kinship system is based on __________.
a. nuclear families
b. patrilineal clans
c. matrilineal clans
d. age grades
c. matrilineal clans
__________ are societies with some degree of formalization of structure and leadership, including leaders who meet to settle disputes and plan activities.
a. Bands
b. Tribes
c. Chiefdoms
d. States
b. Tribes
In __________ society, all females are married from birth to death.
a. Ojibwe
b. Ju/’hoansi
c. Tiwi
d. Ainu
c. Tiwi
Which of the following statements accurately describes Tiwi society?
a. Women accumulate prestige as they age and accumulate large families.
b. Women accumulate prestige only if they are skilled healers.
c. Men avoid attempts to accumulate prestige in order to avoid conflict.
d. Men use wealth strategically to accumulate prestige
a. Women accumulate prestige as they age and accumulate large families.
What is true about the concept of land within the Tiwi society?
a. Landholding rights were inherited through good deeds within the society.
b. Land was divided into individual but equal parcels.
c. A collective group owned a “country,” and the group members were responsible for its well-being.
d. Since Tiwis are a band society, they are not officially recognized as legal landowners.
c. A collective group owned a “country,” and the group members were responsible for its well-being.
In the Tiwi kinship system all clans are exogamous. This means that a member of one clan is most likely to marry __________.
a. their sibling
b. a member of a different clan
c. a member of their own clan
d. an older individual
b. a member of a different clan
There is less violence within band societies, compared to other societies, for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: __________.
a. there are informal links between band members
b. group composition adheres to a rigid structure
c. there are no conflicts over property because land is not owned
d. disputes can be resolved by leaving one band and joining another
b. group composition adheres to a rigid structure
Tribal societies tend to differ from band societies in which of the following ways?
a. Tribal leaders have considerable coercive power over members.
b. There are more formalized organizational procedures.
c. Tribal societies are not egalitarian.
d. Tribal chiefs are successful due to an over centralization of power.
b. There are more formalized organizational procedures.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a tribal society?
a. Hmong
b. Mbuti
c. Passamaquoddy
d. Dani
b. Mbuti
Tribal societies usually follow which of the following subsistence patterns?
a. Foraging only
b. Horticulture or agriculture
c. Agriculture only
d. Foraging, horticulture, or pastoralism
d. Foraging, horticulture, or pastoralism
As discussed early in the chapter, few societies are ideal “types.” However, which of the following list of attributes best fits a tribal society?
a. Egalitarian, dependent on agriculture, relatively small population, little violence
b. Foragers, nomadic, little violence, run by an authoritative council
c. Chiefs with the power to enforce their decisions, foragers, established trade routes, private property
d. Dependent on agriculture, chiefs with the power to enforce their decisions, storage of a surplus, social stratification
c. Chiefs with the power to enforce their decisions, foragers, established trade routes, private property
Age grades (age sets) are groups of people of approximately the same age within tribal societies who __________.
a. are ritual outsiders
b. are not yet married
c. are given specific sociopolitical functions
d. share birthday celebrations
c. are given specific sociopolitical functions
__________ are sociopolitical groups that link people in a community on the basis of shared interests and skills.
a. Associations
b. Guilds
c. Unions
d. Age grades
a. Associations
The most usual kinship structure in tribal societies is __________.
a. bilateral descent
b. a kindred
c. unilineal descent
d. nuclear families
c. unilineal descent
A __________ is a form of political organization in which tribes and bands join together under common leadership to face an external threat.
a. confederacy
b. state
c. union
d. association
a. confederacy
Which of the following is an example of a tribal confederacy?
a. The Allies during World War II, when several world powers allied to stop Nazi Germany.
b. The French and Indians during the French and Indian War.
c. The Iroquois, who were made up of five distinct tribal units.
d. The Navajo, who form a cohesive tribal unit across a large geographic space.
c. The Iroquois, who were made up of five distinct tribal units.
The Iroquois were comprised of __________ nations who acted as a single political unit when dealing with outsiders.
a. three
b. five
c. seven
d. twelve
b. five
The kinship system of the Hidatsa of North Dakota was based on __________.
a. bilateral membership in two oppositional clans
b. patrilineal clans and moieties
c. matrilineal clans and moieties
d. age grades and seniority
c. matrilineal clans and moieties
In Hidatsa society, age grades __________.
a. existed only for men
b. existed only for women
c. served to provide meeting places for people with common interests
d. existed for both men and women
d. existed for both men and women
In Hidatsa society, male age grades mostly related to __________.
a. buffalo hunting
b. military service
c. religious activities
d. agricultural activities
b. military service
The Black Mouth age set served as a __________ in Hidatsa society.
a. priestly order
b. craft guild
c. police force
d. leadership council
c. police force
In Hidatsa society, all important decisions made by village councils relied on __________.
a. material evidence
b. unanimous consent of all households
c. unanimous agreement by the council elders
d. decisions made by the council leader
b. unanimous consent of all households
Chiefdoms are stratified societies organized by __________.
a. semi-divine leaders
b. reciprocal economic functions that are unequal in benefits
c. warfare and conquest
d. kinship
d. kinship
Chiefs have some power to control economic labor and __________.
a. kinship alliances of families under them
b. distribution of resources
c. religious ideology
d. family life
b. distribution of resources
Chiefs are NOT able to __________ in order to gain the compliance of people.
a. use bribery
b. change legal statutes
c. use force
d. use persuasion
c. use force
What is the basic economy of chiefdom societies?
a. Farming
b. Pastoralism
c. Foraging
d. Expansion
a. Farming
Which of the following is NOT a cultural correlate of chiefdoms?
a. Well-identified system of ownership or rights over resources
b. Sedentism
c. Production of little or no surplus
d. Well-demarked boundaries between kin and/or political groups
c. Production of little or no surplus
Which of the following types of societies are most likely to produce a surplus of agricultural products?
a. Bands
b. Democracies
c. Tribes
d. Chiefdoms
d. Chiefdoms
One of the few exceptions to chiefdoms as farming societies were the foraging-based chiefdoms of __________.
a. coastal regions of Southern Africa
b. the Amazon Basin
c. Southern India and Bangladesh
d. the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
d. the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
Which of the following societies is NOT a chiefdom?
a. Amhara of Ethiopia
b. Natchez of Mississippi
c. Tongan Islanders
d. Zulu of South Africa
a. Amhara of Ethiopia
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a chiefdom society?
a. They are a surplus-producing economy.
b. They are nomadic, relying upon foraging for sustenance.
c. They are stratified societies, organized by kinship.
d. They have some degree of centralized authority
b. They are nomadic, relying upon foraging for sustenance.
Northwest Coastal Native American societies used __________ as a way of demonstrating chiefly generosity.
a. caucuses
b. celebratory potlatch feasts
c. Rodiyaner
d. amhara
b. celebratory potlatch feasts
Which of the following statements about chiefdom societies is true?
a. Most chiefs gain their status through personal achievement.
b. Some chiefs do not appear to have benefited economically from their position at all.
c. Chiefs are thought to receive power from spiritual powers and, therefore, do not need to be generous to their followers.
d. It is almost always the case the chiefdom-based societies are united under a single paramount chief who controls clans or kin groups through subchiefs.
b. Some chiefs do not appear to have benefited economically from their position at all.
In the chiefdoms of Tikopia and Tahiti, chiefs were believed to possess __________, which could be harmful to commoners unless they were careful.
a. ghost servants
b. magical items
c. mana
d. karma
c. mana
Which of the following tribes is NOT a member of the Iroquois Confederacy?
a. Seneca
b. Cree
c. Mohawk
d. Onondaga
b. Cree
__________ selected the first Rodiyaners, or rulers, for each nation in the Iroquois Confederacy.
a. The Peacemaker and Hayonhwatha
b. Tribal war chiefs
c. Females from the member nations
d. A council consisting of one shaman from each member nation
c. Females from the member nations
The three principles of seniority, gender, and __________ ranked every individual in traditional Tongan society.
a. ancestry
b. lineage
c. craft profession
d. sisterhood
d. sisterhood
The acquisition of __________ from the British ultimately led to the conversion of Tongan society into a kingdom.
a. sugar
b. firearms
c. windmills
d. trade blankets
b. firearms
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the codification of Tongan law in the mid-nineteenth century?
a. It solidified the state’s power and men’s authority over women.
b. It enhanced the economic power of chiefly families at the expense of nonchiefly families.
c. It buffered chiefs and the king from contact with ordinary people and their demands.
d. It upheld the traditional right of fahu, resulting in the independence of women from their husbands.
d. It upheld the traditional right of fahu, resulting in the independence of women from their husbands.
__________ are highly organized, centralized political systems with a hierarchical structure of authority.
a. States
b. Bureaucracies
c. Empires
d. Colonies
a. States
Which of the following is NOT an example of a state society?
a. Republic
b. Kingdom
c. Empire
d. Sect
d. Sect
Empires expand through __________.
a. population growth
b. conquering or annexing neighboring land
c. uniting chiefdoms through alliances
d. well-controlled state trade
b. conquering or annexing neighboring land
Which of the following is an example of a head of state?
a. Army general
b. Chief executive officer (CEO)
c. Judge
d. President
d. President
Societies that control the use of force and develop military power are usually called __________.
a. bands
b. tribes
c. chiefdoms
d. states
d. states
Which of the following traits are only found among state-level societies?
a. Collaborative labor
b. Bureaucrats who help organize projects
c. Large population aggregations
d. Complex social organizations
b. Bureaucrats who help organize projects
All of the following are examples of social control in the United States EXCEPT __________.
a. the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
b. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)
c. the Michigan Militia
d. the New York City Police Department
c. the Michigan Militia
While elites in state societies control resources, production, and surplus just as chiefs do, a difference between them is __________.
a. chiefs personally own all of these economic systems
b. elites pay taxes rather than tribute
c. elites retain the majority of surplus for their own use
d. chiefs directly control their bureaucracies while elites do not
c. elites retain the majority of surplus for their own use
Regardless of the system of leadership, states show __________ compared to other political systems.
a. greater stratification
b. less stratification
c. less efficiency
d. less warfare
a. greater stratification
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of force that state societies use to control an unruly populace?
a. An unwritten but generally understood code of manners
b. A system of courts that decide the guilt or innocence of individuals
c. The use of a police force to enforce laws
d. A codified and standardized set of laws
a. An unwritten but generally understood code of manners
Which of the following is NOT an example of terrorism?
a. The attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001
b. Car bombings carried out by the Irish Republic Army
c. Package bombs delivered by the Unabomber
d. The assassination of Osama Bin Laden
d. The assassination of Osama Bin Laden
According to Robert Carneiro’s theory of state formation, __________ was the critical factor in the formation of early states.
a. the need for a military
b. massive social organization for irrigation works
c. environmental circumscription
d. the emergence of religious priesthoods
c. environmental circumscription
In situations where there is no environmental circumscription, Carneiro suggests that __________ explains the emergence of states.
a. expansion of trade
b. unequal distribution of resources across a landscape
c. consolidation of chiefly power by one family
d. divine right
b. unequal distribution of resources across a landscape
Which of the following could be considered the best evidence to support Robert Carneiro’s theory of environmental circumscription?
a. Many early state-level societies are found near lakes, rivers, and oceans.
b. Violence and warfare accelerated prior to early state formation.
c. Early states relied almost exclusively on agriculture.
d. Some state-level societies formed in river valleys.
d. Some state-level societies formed in river valleys.
Which of the following could be considered the best evidence to support Karl Wittfogel’s hydraulic hypothesis?
a. Many early state-level societies are found near lakes, rivers, and oceans.
b. Violence and warfare accelerated prior to early state formation.
c. Early states relied almost exclusively on agriculture.
d. Some state-level societies formed in river valleys.
a. Many early state-level societies are found near lakes, rivers, and oceans.
__________ are states ruled by religious leaders.
a. Divinely mandated governments
b. Theocracies
c. Kleptocracies
d. Oligarchies
b. Theocracies
Some early states made use of __________ in order to consolidate the power of rulers.
a. religious sacrifice of prisoners of war
b. kinship alliances with commoners
c. brother–sister marriages
d. propaganda
c. brother–sister marriages
The tendency for groups to split into opposing groups over political differences, or __________, can lead to turmoil, violence, and even revolution.
a. culture wars
b. rebellion
c. factionalism
d. class warfare
c. factionalism
Which of the following is NOT an example of factionalism?
a. The demolition of the Berlin wall
b. The declaration of independence for the United States
c. The American Civil War
d. The disintegration of Yugoslavia
a. The demolition of the Berlin wall
What does the result of the factionalist movement within the Hopi culture in 1906 say about societies?
a. Disruption in societies linked by kinship, marriage, or social association are usually resolved without violence.
b. Only state societies have a structure that allows for conflicts to be resolved without bloodshed.
c. Conflicts in tribal societies are always influenced by the encroachment of state societies.
d. A lack of a police force is but one example of how tribal societies are inferior to state societies
a. Disruption in societies linked by kinship, marriage, or social association are usually resolved without violence.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a successful factionalist campaign?
a. The Civil Rights Movement
b. The Mexican Revolution
c. The U.S. Confederacy
d. The American Revolution
c. The U.S. Confederacy
All of the following are examples of elitist tactics that are used to maintain political and social control EXCEPT __________.
a. using a police force to quell revolutionist movements
b. using public forums to allow all voices to be heard
c. separating society based upon skin color or race
d. genocide, or ethnic cleansing
b. using public forums to allow all voices to be heard
__________ are named groups of people who believe that they are relatives even though they may not be able to trace their actual relationships with all members of their group.
A) Lineages
B) Fictive kin
C) Patriclans
D) Clans
D) Clans
__________ are groups of linked clans that divide a society into two halves, usually exogamous.
A) Phratries
B) Clans
C) Moieties
D) Segmentary lineages
C) Moieties
Principle of descent in which people define themselves in relation to only one side, either their mother’s side or their father’s side.
A) unilineal descent
B) bilateral descent
C) double descent
D) parallel descent
A) unilineal descent
The child of one’s mother’s sister or of one’s father’s brother.
A) parallel cousin
B) cross cousin
C) second cousin
D) third cousin
A) parallel cousin
The notion of kinship is essentially __________, not based on universal, objective criteria.
A) biological
B) fictive
C) social and symbolic
D) philosophical
C) social and symbolic
_________ are lineages organized in a hierarchical structure, ranked according to the number of generations they encompass.
A) Matriclans
B) Patriclans
C) Segmentary lineages
D) Corporate lineages
C) Segmentary lineages
__________ systems are ones in which kinship group membership and inheritance passes through the female line.
A) Patrilineal
B) Matrilineal
C) Patriarchy
D) Matriarchy
B) Matrilineal
The U.S. Census Bureau reported that the size of families in America had __________ from 1980 to 2009.
A) increased 10%
B) doubled
C) tripled
D) decreased
D) decreased
Although there are complex causes involved, one of the main reasons for the Yugoslav civil war was __________ as a response to uncertain political and economic circumstances.
A) racism
B) classism
C) ethnic nationalism
D) socialism
C) ethnic nationalism
In small homogeneous societies, like the ones formerly studied by anthropologists, __________.
A) all people shared a basic cultural heritage
B) the group was composed of a diverse collection of races
C) social groups were organized into complex caste systems
D) social groups were organized on the basis of achieved status
A) all people shared a basic cultural heritage
Societies in which all members have equal access to valued resources, including land, social prestige, wealth, and power are referred to as __________.
A) democracies
B) advanced societies
C) egalitarian societies
D) ranked societies
C) egalitarian societies
__________ is a social category based on a complex mix of ancestry, culture, and self-identification.
A) Race
B) Class
C) Ethnicity
D) Caste
C) Ethnicity
The division of society into two or more groups, or strata, that are hierarchically ordered is called __________.
A) social stratification
B) a class system
C) a caste system
D) a ranking system
A) social stratification
Economic resources, whether in land, goods or money
Wealth
The ability to exert control over the actions of other people and to make decisions that affect them
Power
A social resource reflected in others’ good opinions, respect, willingness to be influenced
Prestige
A social position attained by a person’s own efforts and skills
Achieved Status
A social position that a person attains by birth.
Ascribed Status
Societies in which people or, more usually, kinship groups are ordered on a continuum in relation to each other
Ranked Societies
Societies in which all members have equal access to valued resources, including land, social prestige, wealth, and power
Egalitarian Societies
Societies in which people have differential access to valued resources, including land a property, social prestige, wealth, and political power
Stratified Societies
Why might lower-class speakers continue to use styles of language that are stigmatized?
styles of speech serve as a marker for membership into a group
Which of the following societies would you most expect to be egalitarian?
the Mubuti, a foraging society in Central Africa
In the United States, races, like castes in India, still tend to be
endogamous
A/An ___________ status is one that is given to a person by others at birth rather than one that is earned or necessarily desired.
ascribed
One of Hortense Powdermaker’s key insights about prejudice is that
it is based on flawed logic
T or F: Social, political, economic, educational, and religious ideologies serve to justify and maintain a society’s system of social stratification.
True
The most powerful means of maintaining a social stratification in a society is
ideology
The “natural” order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
social institutions
T or F: The existence of poor and powerless white people in America does not refute the argument that race marginalizes people in America because class is the main source of marginalization for both whites and non-whites.
True
T or F: The widespread nature of downward mobility is much greater than most Americans realize, given their belief in the ideology of the “American Dream.”
True
T or F: Jim Crow laws in the US South after the Civil War are a good illustration of explicit discrimination.
True
Economic anthropologists study
all of these - the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do, the creation of value
Consumption serves to create ____________
all of the above (cultural meaning, social relationships, personal identities)
What is the social institution in which people come together to buy and sell goods?
markets
T or F: World systems theory helped anthropologists better explain the historical emergence of development patterns and uneven development throughout the world.
True
The means of production refers to
the land, machines, and infrastructure that create goods in society
Inequality is most closely connected to which economic theory?
Marxism
_____ is the attempt to get some thing for nothing, to haggle one’s way into a favorable personal outcome
Negative reciprocity
In contemporary societies, state governments organize networks of redistribution by __________.
collecting taxes
The economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, in which prices are set and goods distributed through a market where value is determined by supply and demand, is _________
capitalism
The use of favors and bartering, called blat, is practiced in which country?
Russia
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent spreading around or allocation of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
__________ are the members of a social group in a stratified society who have privileges denied to the majority of the population.
Elites
__________ is a social category based on a complex mix of ancestry, culture, and self-identification.
Ethnicity
__________ is a social position attained by a person’s own efforts and skills.
Achieved status
__________ is an ascribed status forced upon people at birth or through involuntary servitude.
Slavery
__________ is one thing that is revealed about people when they speak.
Class
__________ is the ability to exert control over the actions of other people and make decisions that affect them.
Power
__________ sometimes work as cooks because any caste may eat food that has been touched by them.
Brahmins
According to research by De Vos and Wagatsuma, __________ is/are the most maliciously stereotyped minority group in Japan.
children of Japanese and non-Asian foreigners
After __________ discrimination based on the caste system was made illegal, however discrimination is still common.
Indian independence in 1947
Although classes rank people from birth, they are not necessarily lifelong positions for people, who may change position through __________.
achievement
Among which societies did slaves traditionally live lives very similar to those of their masters, living in the same houses and eating the same food?
Native Americans of the Pacific northwest
Castes are __________ social classes which are endogamous.
hereditary
If there is too great a difference in caste between two people, contact between them can be __________ for the higher caste person.
ritually polluting
In Brazil there is __________ recognition of multiracial background compared to the United States.
greater
In India, __________ are a fifth group, ranked lower and outside the four varna.
untouchables
In North American discourse on class, there are strong pressures __________ although classes do exist and structure people’s lives.
against discussing class interests
In the United States, races, like castes in India, tend to be __________.
endogamous
Karl Marx described a __________ set of class relationships in the nineteenth century than is accurate for today.
more simple
Most people in Japan consider the quality of being Japanese to be __________.
ascribed
Research in Belgium by Jef van der Broeck revealed what differences in middle-class and working-class speech patterns?
Middle-class and working-class sentence complexity is the same for informal speech, but in formal speech situations, middle-class speakers use more complex sentences
The __________ are an ascribed outcast group in Japan who are believed without evidence by most Japanese people to be racially distinct.
Burakumin
Which of the following countries was listed by the U.S. State Department as having inadequate protections against human trafficking?
Japan
Which of the following is an example of ascribed status?
caste
Which of the following statements is true regarding the concept of White Privilege?
While there are poor and marginalized white groups, their status is based on class, not race.
Why might lower-class speakers continue to use styles of language that are stigmatized?
Styles of speech serve as a marker for membership into a group.
_________ anthropologists have been heavily involved in aiding indigenous peoples to seek redress for harms done to them by states and corporations.
Legal
_________ are behaviors designed to mute antagonisms and avoid overt hostility by affirming common bonds and recognizing another person’s rights and feelings.
Politeness strategies
__________ are rewards and punishments administered by persons in authority, the state, or the law.
Formal sanctions
__________ are rewards and punishments expressed through praise, ridicule, gossip, and the like.
Informal sanctions
_________ tends to be highest in strongly patriarchal societies.
Domestic violence
__________ are highly organized, centralized political systems with a hierarchical structure of authority.
States
A __________ is a form of political organization in which tribes and bands join together under common leadership to face an external threat.
confederacy
A society that doesn’t have private property and has leadership based on achievement, rather than family relations, is most likely a __________.
band
Age grades (age sets) are groups of people of approximately the same age within tribal societies who __________.
are given specific socio-political functions
